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Reinforcement learning algorithms have been widely used in dynamic and control systems. However, interpreting their internal learning behavior remains a challenge. In the authors' previous work, a critic match loss landscape visualization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Jingyi Liu , Jian Guo , Eberhard Gill

This paper presents the first actor-critic algorithm for off-policy reinforcement learning. Our algorithm is online and incremental, and its per-time-step complexity scales linearly with the number of learned weights. Previous work on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2015-03-20 Thomas Degris , Martha White , Richard S. Sutton

In this paper we introduce the idea of improving the performance of parametric temporal-difference (TD) learning algorithms by selectively emphasizing or de-emphasizing their updates on different time steps. In particular, we show that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-07-21 Richard S. Sutton , A. Rupam Mahmood , Martha White

Accurate value estimates are important for off-policy reinforcement learning. Algorithms based on temporal difference learning typically are prone to an over- or underestimation bias building up over time. In this paper, we propose a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-24 Nicolai Dorka , Tim Welschehold , Joschka Boedecker , Wolfram Burgard

Off-policy learning from multistep returns is crucial for sample-efficient reinforcement learning, but counteracting off-policy bias without exacerbating variance is challenging. Classically, off-policy bias is corrected in a per-decision…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Brett Daley , Martha White , Christopher Amato , Marlos C. Machado

Temporal difference learning (TD) is a foundational concept in reinforcement learning (RL), aimed at efficiently assessing a policy's value function. TD($\lambda$), a potent variant, incorporates a memory trace to distribute the prediction…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-13 Jianfei Ma

Designing off-policy reinforcement learning algorithms is typically a very challenging task, because a desirable iteration update often involves an expectation over an on-policy distribution. Prior off-policy actor-critic (AC) algorithms…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-20 Tengyu Xu , Zhuoran Yang , Zhaoran Wang , Yingbin Liang

Recent studies have greatly improved reinforcement learning, and an increased interest in real-world implementation has emerged. In many cases, the implementation is challenged by time-varying disturbances as it introduces hidden states,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Saki Omi , Hyo-Sang Shin , Namhoon Cho , Antonios Tsourdos

We consider off-policy temporal-difference (TD) learning methods for policy evaluation in Markov decision processes with finite spaces and discounted reward criteria, and we present a collection of convergence results for several…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-03-30 Huizhen Yu

Temporal difference (TD) learning is a cornerstone of reinforcement learning. In the average-reward setting, standard TD($\lambda$) is highly sensitive to the choice of step-size and thus requires careful tuning to maintain numerical…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-10-08 Hwanwoo Kim , Dongkyu Derek Cho , Eric Laber

To estimate the value functions of policies from exploratory data, most model-free off-policy algorithms rely on importance sampling, where the use of importance sampling ratios often leads to estimates with severe variance. It is thus…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-02-13 Ashique Rupam Mahmood , Huizhen Yu , Richard S. Sutton

Long-horizon, sparse-reward tasks pose a fundamental challenge for reinforcement learning, since single-step TD learning suffers from bootstrapping error accumulation across successive Bellman updates. Actor-critic methods with action…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Qian Chen , Junqiao Zhao , Hongtu Zhou , Hang Yu , Yanping Zhao , Chen Ye , Guang Chen

The ability to learn robust policies while generalizing over large discrete action spaces is an open challenge for intelligent systems, especially in noisy environments that face the curse of dimensionality. In this paper, we present a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-29 Pranavi Pathakota , Hardik Meisheri , Harshad Khadilkar

In recent years, deep reinforcement learning has been shown to be adept at solving sequential decision processes with high-dimensional state spaces such as in the Atari games. Many reinforcement learning problems, however, involve…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-06-05 Yiming Zhang , Quan Ho Vuong , Kenny Song , Xiao-Yue Gong , Keith W. Ross

This paper describes a purely data-driven solution to a class of sequential decision-making problems with a large number of concurrent online decisions, with applications to computing systems and operations research. We assume that while…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-10-02 Hardik Meisheri , Vinita Baniwal , Nazneen N Sultana , Balaraman Ravindran , Harshad Khadilkar

Attention-based architectures trained on internet-scale language data have demonstrated state of the art reasoning ability for various language-based tasks, such as logic problems and textual reasoning. Additionally, these Large Language…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-08-22 Mark Van der Merwe , Devesh Jha

This paper extends off-policy reinforcement learning to the multi-agent case in which a set of networked agents communicating with their neighbors according to a time-varying graph collaboratively evaluates and improves a target policy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-20 Wesley Suttle , Zhuoran Yang , Kaiqing Zhang , Zhaoran Wang , Tamer Basar , Ji Liu

Temporal-difference (TD) networks are a class of predictive state representations that use well-established TD methods to learn models of partially observable dynamical systems. Previous research with TD networks has dealt only with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2012-05-14 Christopher M. Vigorito

Active learning aims to select a small subset of data for annotation such that a classifier learned on the data is highly accurate. This is usually done using heuristic selection methods, however the effectiveness of such methods is limited…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-08-09 Meng Fang , Yuan Li , Trevor Cohn

Deep reinforcement learning for multi-agent cooperation and competition has been a hot topic recently. This paper focuses on cooperative multi-agent problem based on actor-critic methods under local observations settings. Multi agent deep…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-10-04 Xiangxiang Chu , Hangjun Ye