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Efficiently acquiring external knowledge and up-to-date information is essential for effective reasoning and text generation in large language models (LLMs). Prompting advanced LLMs with reasoning capabilities to use search engines during…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Bowen Jin , Hansi Zeng , Zhenrui Yue , Jinsung Yoon , Sercan Arik , Dong Wang , Hamed Zamani , Jiawei Han

For many reinforcement learning (RL) applications, specifying a reward is difficult. This paper considers an RL setting where the agent obtains information about the reward only by querying an expert that can, for example, evaluate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-01 David Lindner , Matteo Turchetta , Sebastian Tschiatschek , Kamil Ciosek , Andreas Krause

Humans achieve efficient learning by relying on prior knowledge about the structure of naturally occurring tasks. There is considerable interest in designing reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms with similar properties. This includes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-23 Jan Humplik , Alexandre Galashov , Leonard Hasenclever , Pedro A. Ortega , Yee Whye Teh , Nicolas Heess

Policies trained via Reinforcement Learning (RL) are often needlessly complex, making them difficult to analyse and interpret. In a run with $n$ time steps, a policy will make $n$ decisions on actions to take; we conjecture that only a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-27 Hadrien Pouget , Hana Chockler , Youcheng Sun , Daniel Kroening

Incorporating high-level knowledge is an effective way to expedite reinforcement learning (RL), especially for complex tasks with sparse rewards. We investigate an RL problem where the high-level knowledge is in the form of reward machines,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-02-10 Zhe Xu , Ivan Gavran , Yousef Ahmad , Rupak Majumdar , Daniel Neider , Ufuk Topcu , Bo Wu

Reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms allow agents to learn skills and strategies to perform complex tasks without detailed instructions or expensive labelled training examples. That is, RL agents can learn, as we learn. Given the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-01-25 Jung Hoon Lee

Recommender systems have been widely applied in different real-life scenarios to help us find useful information. In particular, Reinforcement Learning (RL) based recommender systems have become an emerging research topic in recent years,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-06-13 Yuanguo Lin , Yong Liu , Fan Lin , Lixin Zou , Pengcheng Wu , Wenhua Zeng , Huanhuan Chen , Chunyan Miao

Dependency-aware job scheduling in the cluster is NP-hard. Recent work shows that Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) is capable of solving it. It is difficult for the administrator to understand the DRL-based policy even though it achieves…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2022-09-21 Shaojun Zhang , Chen Wang , Albert Zomaya

Reinforcement learning is an essential paradigm for solving sequential decision problems under uncertainty. Despite many remarkable achievements in recent decades, applying reinforcement learning methods in the real world remains…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-22 Zhihong Deng , Jing Jiang , Guodong Long , Chengqi Zhang

Reinforcement learning (RL) problems can be challenging without well-shaped rewards. Prior work on provably efficient RL methods generally proposes to address this issue with dedicated exploration strategies. However, another way to tackle…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-21 Qiyang Li , Yuexiang Zhai , Yi Ma , Sergey Levine

Reinforcement learning has emerged as a powerful paradigm for unlocking reasoning capabilities in language models. However, relying on sparse rewards makes this process highly sample-inefficient, as models must navigate vast search spaces…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Ilia Mahrooghi , Aryo Lotfi , Emmanuel Abbe

We study the problem of off-policy value evaluation in reinforcement learning (RL), where one aims to estimate the value of a new policy based on data collected by a different policy. This problem is often a critical step when applying RL…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-05-27 Nan Jiang , Lihong Li

Multi-hop Reading Comprehension (RC) requires reasoning and aggregation across several paragraphs. We propose a system for multi-hop RC that decomposes a compositional question into simpler sub-questions that can be answered by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-07-02 Sewon Min , Victor Zhong , Luke Zettlemoyer , Hannaneh Hajishirzi

Recent studies on online reinforcement learning (RL) have demonstrated the advantages of learning multiple behaviors from a single task, as in the case of few-shot adaptation to a new environment. Although this approach is expected to yield…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Takayuki Osa , Tatsuya Harada

Reinforcement learning (RL) with sparse and deceptive rewards is challenging because non-zero rewards are rarely obtained. Hence, the gradient calculated by the agent can be stochastic and without valid information. Recent studies that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-08 Guojian Wang , Faguo Wu , Xiao Zhang , Jianxiang Liu

Misunderstandings arise not only in interpersonal communication but also between humans and Large Language Models (LLMs). Such discrepancies can make LLMs interpret seemingly unambiguous questions in unexpected ways, yielding incorrect…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-22 Yihe Deng , Weitong Zhang , Zixiang Chen , Quanquan Gu

Reinforcement learning (RL) is one of the active fields in machine learning, demonstrating remarkable potential in tackling real-world challenges. Despite its promising prospects, this methodology has encountered with issues and challenges,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-21 Alireza Rashidi Laleh , Majid Nili Ahmadabadi

Offline Reinforcement Learning (RL) via Supervised Learning is a simple and effective way to learn robotic skills from a dataset collected by policies of different expertise levels. It is as simple as supervised learning and Behavior…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-10-25 Alexandre Piche , Rafael Pardinas , David Vazquez , Igor Mordatch , Chris Pal

In recent years, reinforcement learning (RL) has gained popularity and has been applied to a wide range of tasks. One such popular domain where RL has been effective is resource management problems in systems. We look to extend work on RL…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Arisrei Lim , Abhiram Maddukuri

Reinforcement learning offers the promise of automating the acquisition of complex behavioral skills. However, compared to commonly used and well-understood supervised learning methods, reinforcement learning algorithms can be brittle,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-01-01 Aviral Kumar , Xue Bin Peng , Sergey Levine