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Bilevel optimisation is used in inverse imaging problems for hyperparameter learning/identification and experimental design, for instance, to find optimal regularisation parameters and forward operators. However, computationally, the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-08-06 Ensio Suonperä , Tuomo Valkonen

A large number of application problems involve two levels of optimization, where one optimization task is nested inside the other. These problems are known as bilevel optimization problems and have been studied by both classical…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2017-05-09 Ankur Sinha , Zhichao Lu , Kalyanmoy Deb , Pekka Malo

We present a method to solve a special class of parameter identification problems for an elliptic optimal control problem to global optimality. The bilevel problem is reformulated via the optimal-value function of the lower-level problem.…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-03-02 Markus Friedemann , Felix Harder , Gerd Wachsmuth

We explore anisotropic regularisation methods in the spirit of [Holler & Kunisch, 14]. Based on ground truth data, we propose a bilevel optimisation strategy to compute the optimal regularisation parameters of such a model for the…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2016-02-04 Martin Benning , Carola-Bibiane Schönlieb , Tuomo Valkonen , Verner Vlačić

Binary optimization is a central problem in mathematical optimization and its applications are abundant. To solve this problem, we propose a new class of continuous optimization techniques which is based on Mathematical Programming with…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2017-12-07 Ganzhao Yuan , Bernard Ghanem

We study a general class of bilevel problems, consisting in the minimization of an upper-level objective which depends on the solution to a parametric fixed-point equation. Important instances arising in machine learning include…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-07-13 Riccardo Grazzi , Luca Franceschi , Massimiliano Pontil , Saverio Salzo

Bilevel optimization is an important formulation for many machine learning problems. Current bilevel optimization algorithms assume that the gradient of the upper-level function is Lipschitz. However, recent studies reveal that certain…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-19 Jie Hao , Xiaochuan Gong , Mingrui Liu

We propose a new neural network based method for solving inverse problems for partial differential equations (PDEs) by formulating the PDE inverse problem as a bilevel optimization problem. At the upper level, we minimize the data loss with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Ray Zirui Zhang , Christopher E. Miles , Xiaohui Xie , John S. Lowengrub

When faced with multiple minima of an "inner-level" convex optimization problem, the convex bilevel optimization problem selects an optimal solution which also minimizes an auxiliary "outer-level" convex objective of interest. Bilevel…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-10-10 Khanh-Hung Giang-Tran , Nam Ho-Nguyen , Dabeen Lee

(Stochastic) bilevel optimization is a frequently encountered problem in machine learning with a wide range of applications such as meta-learning, hyper-parameter optimization, and reinforcement learning. Most of the existing studies on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-16 Meng Ding , Mingxi Lei , Yunwen Lei , Di Wang , Jinhui Xu

This paper presents a comprehensive review of techniques proposed in the literature for solving bilevel optimization problems encountered in various real-life applications. Bilevel optimization is an appropriate choice for hierarchical…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-11-06 Dhaval Pujara , Ankur Sinha

We consider a bilevel learning framework for learning linear operators. In this framework, the learnable parameters are optimized via a loss function that also depends on the minimizer of a convex optimization problem (denoted lower-level…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-06-10 Lea Bogensperger , Matthias J. Ehrhardt , Thomas Pock , Mohammad Sadegh Salehi , Hok Shing Wong

Progress in deep learning is slowed by the days or weeks it takes to train large models. The natural solution of using more hardware is limited by diminishing returns, and leads to inefficient use of additional resources. In this paper, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-12-12 Shankar Krishnan , Ying Xiao , Rif A. Saurous

Modern deep models are often pretrained on large-scale data with missing labels using composite objectives, where the relative weights of multiple loss terms act as hyperparameters. Tuning these weights with random search or Bayesian…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Ivan Karpukhin , Andrey Savchenko

This paper proposes a new algorithm -- the \underline{S}ingle-timescale Do\underline{u}ble-momentum \underline{St}ochastic \underline{A}pprox\underline{i}matio\underline{n} (SUSTAIN) -- for tackling stochastic unconstrained bilevel…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-06-16 Prashant Khanduri , Siliang Zeng , Mingyi Hong , Hoi-To Wai , Zhaoran Wang , Zhuoran Yang

Bilevel optimization, a hierarchical mathematical framework where one optimization problem is nested within another, has emerged as a powerful tool for modeling complex decision-making processes in various fields such as economics,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-25 Omer Ekmekcioglu , Nursen Aydin , Juergen Branke

In this paper, we consider the problem of minimizing a smooth objective over multiple rank constraints on Hankel-structured matrices. This kind of problems arises in system identification, system theory and signal processing, where the rank…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-06-26 Tianxiang Liu , Ivan Markovsky , Ting Kei Pong , Akiko Takeda

In this paper, we propose the Bi-Sub-Gradient (Bi-SG) method, which is a generalization of the classical sub-gradient method to the setting of convex bi-level optimization problems. This is a first-order method that is very easy to…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-07-18 Roey Merchav , Shoham Sabach

Bilevel Optimization Programming is used to model complex and conflicting interactions between agents, for example in Robust AI or Privacy-preserving AI. Integrating bilevel mathematical programming within deep learning is thus an essential…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-01 Francesco Alesiani

Bilevel optimization is a fundamental tool in hierarchical decision-making and has been widely applied to machine learning tasks such as hyperparameter tuning, meta-learning, and continual learning. While significant progress has been made…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-04-25 Nazanin Abolfazli , Sina Sharifi , Mahyar Fazlyab , Erfan Yazdandoost Hamedani
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