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In this paper, we study the cooperative operation problem between the fleet operator and incentive-aware customers in an on-demand delivery system. Specifically, the fleet operator offers discounts on transportation costs in exchange of the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-10-13 Canqi Yao , Shibo Chen , Zaiyue Yang

We study the Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP) on the metric completion of cubic and subcubic graphs, which is known to be NP-hard. The problem is of interest because of its relation to the famous 4/3 conjecture for metric TSP, which says…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2011-07-07 Sylvia Boyd , René Sitters , Suzanne van der Ster , Leen Stougie

The current paper introduces a new parallel computing technique based on ant colony optimization for a dynamic routing problem. In the dynamic traveling salesman problem the distances between cities as travel times are no longer fixed. The…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-07-28 Camelia-M. Pintea , Gloria Cerasela Crisan , Mihai Manea

The Traveling Salesman Problem is one of the most intensively studied combinatorial optimization problems due both to its range of real-world applications and its computational complexity. When combined with the Set Covering Problem, it…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-08 Yuwen Yang , Jayant Rajgopal

Efficient utilization of cooperating robots in the assembly of aircraft structures relies on balancing the workload of the robots and ensuring collision-free scheduling. We cast this problem as that of allocating a large number of…

Many real-world problems can be formulated as a constrained Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP). However, the constraints are always complex and numerous, making the TSPs challenging to solve. When the number of complicated constraints grows,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-03-11 Jingxiao Chen , Ziqin Gong , Minghuan Liu , Jun Wang , Yong Yu , Weinan Zhang

Generalized traveling salesman problem (GTSP) is an extension of classical traveling salesman problem (TSP), which is a combinatorial optimization problem and an NP-hard problem. In this paper, an efficient discrete state transition…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2015-09-22 Xiaolin Tang , Chunhua Yang , Xiaojun Zhou , Weihua Gui

The Multiple Travelling Salesman Problem (MTSP) is among the most interesting combinatorial optimization problems because it is widely adopted in real-life applications, including robotics, transportation, networking, etc. Although the…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2021-02-26 Omar Cheikhrouhou , Ines Khoufi

The traveling salesman (or salesperson) problem, short TSP, is a problem of strong interest to many researchers from mathematics, economics, and computer science. Manifold TSP variants occur in nearly every scientific field and application…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Sophia Saller , Jana Koehler , Andreas Karrenbauer

In many real-world settings, problem instances that need to be solved are quite similar, and knowledge from previous optimization runs can potentially be utilized. We explore this for the Traveling Salesperson problem with time windows…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Hy Nguyen , Thanh Nguyen Pham , Helen Yuliana Angmalisang , Liam Wigney , Frank Neumann

We present a framework for efficiently solving Approximate Traveling Salesman Problem (Approximate TSP) for Quantum Computing Models. Existing representations of TSP introduce extra states which do not correspond to any permutation. We…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Debabrata Goswami , Harish Karnick , Prateek Jain , Hemanta K. Maji

Reinforcement learning has recently shown promise in learning quality solutions in many combinatorial optimization problems. In particular, the attention-based encoder-decoder models show high effectiveness on various routing problems,…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-12-06 Aigerim Bogyrbayeva , Taehyun Yoon , Hanbum Ko , Sungbin Lim , Hyokun Yun , Changhyun Kwon

The 2-Opt heuristic is a simple improvement heuristic for the Traveling Salesman Problem. It starts with an arbitrary tour and then repeatedly replaces two edges of the tour by two other edges, as long as this yields a shorter tour. We will…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2021-01-26 Ulrich A. Brodowsky , Stefan Hougardy

The traveling salesman problem (TSP) is a cornerstone of combinatorial optimization and has deeply influenced the development of algorithmic techniques in both exact and approximate settings. Yet, improving on the decades-old bounds for…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Justin Dallant , László Kozma

The Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) is one of the most extensively researched and widely applied combinatorial optimization problems. It is NP-hard even in the symmetric and metric case. Building upon elaborate research, state-of-the-art…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-01-30 Sabrina C. L. Ammann , Birte Ostermann , Sebastian Stiller , Timo de Wolff

Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) is a classic NP-hard problem that has garnered significant attention from both academia and industry. While neural-based methods have shown promise for solving TSPs, they still face challenges in scaling to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Tongkai Lu , Shuai Ma , Chongyang Tao

Recently, deep reinforcement learning (DRL) frameworks have shown potential for solving NP-hard routing problems such as the traveling salesman problem (TSP) without problem-specific expert knowledge. Although DRL can be used to solve…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-28 Minsu Kim , Jinkyoo Park , Joungho Kim

In the classical Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP), the objective function sums the costs for travelling from one city to the next city along the tour. In the q-stripe TSP with q larger than 1, the objective function sums the costs for…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2016-10-03 Eranda Cela , Vladimir Deineko , Gerhard J. Woeginger

This paper presents a novel approach to solving the Flying Sidekick Travelling Salesman Problem (FSTSP) using a state-of-the-art self-adaptive genetic algorithm. The Flying Sidekick Travelling Salesman Problem is a combinatorial…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Ted Pilcher

The orienteering problem (OP) is a combinatorial optimization problem that seeks a path visiting a subset of locations to maximize collected rewards under a limited resource budget. This article presents a systematic PRISMA-based review of…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-12-19 Songhao Shen , Yufeng Zhou , Qin Lei , Zhibin Wu