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Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are considered the gold standard for estimating the average treatment effect (ATE) of interventions. One use of RCTs is to study the causes of global poverty -- a subject explicitly cited in the 2019…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-26 Connor T. Jerzak , Fredrik Johansson , Adel Daoud

We develop a new approach for estimating average treatment effects in observational studies with unobserved group-level heterogeneity. We consider a general model with group-level unconfoundedness and provide conditions under which…

Econometrics · Economics 2023-08-31 Dmitry Arkhangelsky , Guido Imbens

We consider the problem of partial identification, the estimation of bounds on the treatment effects from observational data. Although studied using discrete treatment variables or in specific causal graphs (e.g., instrumental variables),…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-18 Vahid Balazadeh , Vasilis Syrgkanis , Rahul G. Krishnan

Motivated by applications in personalized medicine and individualized policymaking, there is a growing interest in techniques for quantifying treatment effect heterogeneity in terms of the conditional average treatment effect (CATE). Some…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-06-04 Pawel Morzywolek , Johan Decruyenaere , Stijn Vansteelandt

Patients in clinical studies often exhibit heterogeneous treatment effect (HTE). Classical subgroup analyses provide inferential tools to test for effect modification, while modern machine learning methods estimate the Conditional Average…

Applications · Statistics 2026-01-05 Nan Miles Xi , Xin Huang , Lin Wang

In cluster randomized trials, patients are typically recruited after clusters are randomized, and the recruiters and patients may not be blinded to the assignment. This often leads to differential recruitment and consequently systematic…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-10-05 Fan Li , Zizhong Tian , Jennifer Bobb , Georgia Papadogeorgou , Fan Li

This paper provides a new approach for identifying and estimating the Average Treatment Effect on the Treated under a linear factor model that allows for multiple time-varying unobservables. Unlike the majority of the literature on…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-03-28 Koki Fusejima , Takuya Ishihara

We introduce a new preference-based framework for conditional treatment effect estimation and policy learning, built on the Conditional Preference-based Treatment Effect (CPTE). CPTE requires only that outcomes be ranked under a preference…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-02-04 Dovid Parnas , Mathieu Even , Julie Josse , Uri Shalit

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are often underpowered to detect treatment heterogeneity in subgroups defined by cross-classifications of multiple covariates, due to sparse sample sizes in some strata. External RCT data can help, but…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-23 Youqi Yang , Walter Dempsey , Bhramar Mukherjee

We develop flexible, semiparametric estimators of the average treatment effect (ATE) transported to a new population ("target population") that offer potential efficiency gains. Transport may be of value when the ATE may differ across…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-06-07 Kara E. Rudolph , Nicholas T. Williams , Elizabeth A. Stuart , Ivan Diaz

Constructing confidence intervals (CIs) for the average treatment effect (ATE) from patient records is crucial to assess the effectiveness and safety of drugs. However, patient records typically come from different hospitals, thus raising…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Yuxin Wang , Maresa Schröder , Dennis Frauen , Jonas Schweisthal , Konstantin Hess , Stefan Feuerriegel

Assume that one is interested in estimating an average treatment effect (ATE), equal to a weighted average of $S$ conditional average treatment effects (CATEs). One has unbiased estimators of the CATEs. One could just average the CATE…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-11-11 Clément de Chaisemartin

We consider the problem of estimating the effects of a binary treatment on a continuous outcome of interest from observational data in the absence of confounding by unmeasured factors. We provide a new estimator of the population average…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-08-04 James Robins , Mariela Sued , Quanhong Lei-Gomez , Andrea Rotnitzky

A new matching method is proposed for the estimation of the average treatment effect of social policy interventions (e.g., training programs or health care measures). Given an outcome variable, a treatment and a set of pre-treatment…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2007-06-13 Stefano Iacus , Giuseppe Porro

This paper proposes a new method for estimating conditional average treatment effects (CATE) in randomized experiments. We adopt inverse probability weighting (IPW) for identification; however, IPW-transformed outcomes are known to be…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-10-14 Mingqian Guan , Komei Fujita , Naoya Sueishi , Shota Yasui

Background: Randomized controlled trials are often used to inform policy and practice for broad populations. The average treatment effect (ATE) for a target population, however, may be different from the ATE observed in a trial if there are…

Estimating heterogeneous treatment effects in domains such as healthcare or social science often involves sensitive data where protecting privacy is important. We introduce a general meta-algorithm for estimating conditional average…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-02-23 Fengshi Niu , Harsha Nori , Brian Quistorff , Rich Caruana , Donald Ngwe , Aadharsh Kannan

Most of the widely used estimators of the average treatment effect (ATE) in causal inference rely on the assumptions of unconfoundedness and overlap. Unconfoundedness requires that the observed covariates account for all correlations…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-07-01 Yang Cai , Alkis Kalavasis , Katerina Mamali , Anay Mehrotra , Manolis Zampetakis

Heterogeneous treatment effects (HTEs) are commonly identified during randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Identifying subgroups of patients with similar treatment effects is of high interest in clinical research to advance precision…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-06 Peniel N. Argaw , Elizabeth Healey , Isaac S. Kohane

Estimating heterogeneous treatment effects from observational data is a crucial task across many fields, helping policy and decision-makers take better actions. There has been recent progress on robust and efficient methods for estimating…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-09 Miruna Oprescu , Jacob Dorn , Marah Ghoummaid , Andrew Jesson , Nathan Kallus , Uri Shalit