English
Related papers

Related papers: Proof of the Collatz Conjecture

200 papers

The one way function based on the Collatz problem is proposed. It is based on the problem's conditional branching structure which is not considered as important even the 3x+1 question is quite famous. The analysis shows why the problem is…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2018-07-27 Rade Vuckovac

In the present paper, we are interested in classifying of Collatz sequences on based to the different behavior of these sequences when their lengths tend to infinity. A Collatz infinite sequence can be defined as an infinite ordered set of…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2021-06-03 Raouf Rajab

The counting function for the numbers satisfying the Collatz conjecture is studied. A related exponential congruence equation is investigated, yielding a method to construct its solutions from free variables, and enabling us to find at…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2025-12-18 Chunlei Liu

Taking a new approach towards analyzing the Collatz Problem, or, 3x+1 conjecture. Introducing some new functions, the Collatz-2 and Collatz-3 sequences, as well as deducing results related to Collatz-2 and Collatz-3 sequences.

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2008-04-24 Roupam Ghosh

We introduce the \emph{Collatz conjecture} and its history. Some definition that this conjecture has, will be expressed and with these we try to explain some good lemma to justify the main properties of the \emph{Collatz conjecture}. With…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2021-12-09 Benyamin Khanzadeh Holasou

An attempt to come closer to a resolution of the Collatz conjecture is presented. The central idea is the formation of a tree consisting of positive odd numbers with number 1 as root. Functions for generating the tree from the root are…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2018-08-20 Kerstin Andersson

Consider the recursive relation generating a new positive integer $n_{\ell +1}$ from the positive integer $n_{\ell }$ according to the following simple rules: if the integer $n_{\ell }$ is odd, $n_{\ell +1}=3n_{\ell }+1$; if the integer…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2023-03-16 Mario Bruschi , Francesco Calogero

We show an iterated function of which iterates oscillate wildly and grow at a dizzying pace. We conjecture that the orbit of arbitrary positive integer always returns to 1, as in the case of Collatz function. The conjecture is supported by…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2024-10-02 David Barina

Some simple facts are proved ruling the Collatz tree and the chains of vertices appearing in it, leading to the reduction of the number of significant elements appearing in the tree. Although the Collatz conjecture remains open, these fact…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2020-07-07 Fabrizio Luccio

The Collatz sequence for a given natural number $N$ is generated by repeatedly applying the map $N$ $\rightarrow$ $3N+1$ if $N$ is odd and $N$ $\rightarrow$ $N/2$ if $N$ is even. One elusive open problem in Mathematics is whether all such…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2019-11-11 Rafael Ruggiero

Exploring the Collatz Conjecture and changing the expression from 3n + 1 to 5n + 1, we found patterns in different sets of numbers. Some numbers reduce to one (as stated in the Collatz Conjecture), some might escape to infinity, and some…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2023-05-03 Shouvik Ahmed Antu , Raina Shrimali , Miranda Jones

We explore the Collatz conjecture and its variants through the lens of termination of string rewriting. We construct a rewriting system that simulates the iterated application of the Collatz function on strings corresponding to mixed…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-01-03 Emre Yolcu , Scott Aaronson , Marijn J. H. Heule

A formula concerning counting of paths was conjectured by Herzog and Conca few years ago. Recently, Krattenthaler and Prohaska gave an affirmative answer to this conjecture. In this paper we generalize this formula.

Commutative Algebra · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Hsin-Ju Wang

On the set of positive integers, we consider the iterative process that maps $n$ to either $\frac{3n+1}{2}$ or $\frac{n}{2}$ depending on the parity of $n$. The Collatz conjecture states that all such sequences eventually enter the trivial…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2026-05-19 Olivier Rozier , Claude Terracol

The Collatz map (or the $3n{+}1$-map) $f$ is defined on positive integers by setting $f(n)$ equal to $3n+1$ when $n$ is odd and $n/2$ when $n$ is even. The Collatz conjecture states that starting from any positive integer $n$, some iterate…

Operator Algebras · Mathematics 2025-02-04 Takehiko Mori

The Collatz problem is one of many names (the Collatz Problem, the Syracuse Problem, the Hailstone Problem, the 3x+1 problem). Most commonly, however, the problem goes by either the 3x+1 problem or the Collatz problem. In addition to having…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2017-05-04 Denver Stahl

In 1995, Meinardus & Berg presented a reformulation of the Collatz Conjecture in terms of a functional equation in a single complex variable over the open unit disk. This paper generalizes that method to deal with not only a large class of…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2022-04-19 M. C. Siegel

We study a class of maps having the Collatz function (famously related to the Collatz Conjecture) as an example, under the topological and ergodic perspectives, including an approach with thermodynamic formalism. By introducing a key…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2026-03-20 Eduardo Santana

For all natural numbers a,b and d > 0, we consider the function f_{a,b,d} which associates n/d to any integer n when it is a multiple of d, and an + b otherwise; in particular f_{3,1,2} is the Collatz function. Coding in base a > 1 with b <…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2022-05-30 Didier Caucal , Chloé Rispal

In this paper, we show that any proof of the Collatz 3n+1 Conjecture must have an infinite number of lines; therefore, no formal proof is possible.

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2012-08-13 Craig Alan Feinstein