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We study a class of bilevel optimization problems in which both the upper- and lower-level problems have minimax structures. This setting captures a broad range of emerging applications. Despite the extensive literature on bilevel…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-05-11 Yiyang Shen , Yutian He , Weiran Wang , Qihang Lin

In recent years, a variety of gradient-based first-order methods have been developed to solve bi-level optimization problems for learning applications. However, theoretical guarantees of these existing approaches heavily rely on the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-03 Risheng Liu , Pan Mu , Xiaoming Yuan , Shangzhi Zeng , Jin Zhang

Usually, bilevel optimization problems need to be transformed into single-level ones in order to derive optimality conditions and solution algorithms. Among the available approaches, the replacement of the lower-level problem by means of…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-02-17 Stephan Dempe , Patrick Mehlitz

We address second-order optimality conditions for optimal control problems involving sparsity functionals which induce spatio-temporal sparsity patterns. We employ the notion of (weak) second subderivatives. With this approach, we are able…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-12-25 Nicolas Borchard , Gerd Wachsmuth

Bilevel optimization (BO) is useful for solving a variety of important machine learning problems including but not limited to hyperparameter optimization, meta-learning, continual learning, and reinforcement learning. Conventional BO…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-20 Mao Ye , Bo Liu , Stephen Wright , Peter Stone , Qiang Liu

Necessary conditions for high-order optimality in smooth nonlinear constrained optimization are explored and their inherent intricacy discussed. A two-phase minimization algorithm is proposed which can achieve approximate first-, second-…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-05-31 C. Cartis , N. I. M. Gould , Ph. L. Toint

Bilevel optimization has gained prominence in various applications. In this study, we introduce a framework for solving bilevel optimization problems, where the variables in both the lower and upper levels are constrained on Riemannian…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-11-05 Andi Han , Bamdev Mishra , Pratik Jawanpuria , Akiko Takeda

Second-order necessary optimality conditions for nonlinear conic programming problems that depend on a single Lagrange multiplier are usually built under nondegeneracy and strict complementarity. In this paper we establish a condition of…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-08-08 Ellen H. Fukuda , Gabriel Haeser , Leonardo M. Mito

In this paper, we introduce a new functional point of view on bilevel optimization problems for machine learning, where the inner objective is minimized over a function space. These types of problems are most often solved by using methods…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-12-10 Ieva Petrulionyte , Julien Mairal , Michael Arbel

Bilevel optimization aims to optimize an outer objective function that depends on the solution to an inner optimization problem. It is routinely used in Machine Learning, notably for hyperparameter tuning. The conventional method to compute…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-27 Zhenzhang Ye , Gabriel Peyré , Daniel Cremers , Pierre Ablin

Bilevel optimization, a well-established field for modeling hierarchical decision-making problems, has recently intersected with sustainability studies and practices, resulting in a series of works focusing on bilevel optimization problems…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-04-07 Giulia Caselli , Manuel Iori , Ivana Ljubić

We present an efficient optimization framework that solves trajectory optimization problems by decoupling state variables from timing variables, thereby decomposing a challenging nonlinear programming (NLP) problem into two easier…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-04-28 Weidong Sun , Gao Tang , Kris Hauser

In this article we study an optimal control problem subject to the Fokker-Planck equation \[ \partial_t \rho - \nu \Delta \rho - {\rm div } \big(\rho B[u]\big) = 0. \] The control variable $u$ is time-dependent and possibly…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2021-01-19 M. Soledad Aronna , Fredi Tröltzsch

Bi-level optimization, especially the gradient-based category, has been widely used in the deep learning community including hyperparameter optimization and meta-knowledge extraction. Bi-level optimization embeds one problem within another…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-11 Can Chen , Xi Chen , Chen Ma , Zixuan Liu , Xue Liu

This paper studies the complexity of finding an $\epsilon$-stationary point for stochastic bilevel optimization when the upper-level problem is nonconvex and the lower-level problem is strongly convex. Recent work proposed the first-order…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-03-10 Lesi Chen , Junru Li , El Mahdi Chayti , Jingzhao Zhang

In this paper, we discuss optimality conditions for optimization problems involving random state constraints, which are modeled in probabilistic or almost sure form. While the latter can be understood as the limiting case of the former, the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-01-17 Caroline Geiersbach , René Henrion

Contextual stochastic optimization is an advanced methodology to model uncertainty in the presence of contextual information during decision planning processes. Although classical methodologies focus on minimizing the expectation of a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-11-24 Man Yiu Tsang , Tony Sit , Hoi Ying Wong

We consider optimization problems with a disjunctive structure of the constraints. Prominent examples of such problems are mathematical programs with equilibrium constraints or vanishing constraints. Based on the concepts of directional…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2016-11-28 Helmut Gfrerer

The purpose of this paper is to derive some pointwise second-order necessary conditions for stochastic optimal controls in the general case that the control variable enters into both the drift and the diffusion terms. When the control…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2014-05-29 Haisen Zhang , Xu Zhang

The (gradient-based) bilevel programming framework is widely used in hyperparameter optimization and has achieved excellent performance empirically. Previous theoretical work mainly focuses on its optimization properties, while leaving the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-26 Fan Bao , Guoqiang Wu , Chongxuan Li , Jun Zhu , Bo Zhang