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People solve different problems and know that some of them are simple, some are complex and some insoluble. The main goal of this work is to develop a mathematical theory of algorithmic complexity for problems. This theory is aimed at…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2008-07-08 Mark Burgin

This paper studies the problem of predicting the coding effort for a subsequent year of development by analysing metrics extracted from project repositories, with an emphasis on projects containing XML code. The study considers thirteen…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2015-03-17 Siim Karus , Marlon Dumas

Writing competitive programming problems is exacting. Authors must: set constraints, input distributions, and edge cases that rule out shortcuts; target specific algorithms (e.g., max-flow, dynamic programming, data structures); and…

Learning-based techniques, especially advanced pre-trained models for code have demonstrated capabilities in code understanding and generation, solving diverse software engineering (SE) tasks. Despite the promising results, current training…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-02-07 Kyi Shin Khant , Hong Yi Lin , Patanamon Thongtanunam

Source code spends most of its time in a broken or incomplete state during software development. This presents a challenge to machine learning for code, since high-performing models typically rely on graph structured representations of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-01 Xuechen Li , Chris J. Maddison , Daniel Tarlow

Much algorithmic research in NLP aims to efficiently manipulate rich formal structures. An algorithm designer typically seeks to provide guarantees about their proposed algorithm -- for example, that its running time or space complexity is…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Tim Vieira , Ryan Cotterell , Jason Eisner

Code reasoning tasks are becoming prevalent in large language model (LLM) assessments. Yet, there is a dearth of studies on the impact of real-world complexities on code reasoning, e.g., inter- or intra-procedural dependencies, API calls,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Changshu Liu , Alireza Ghazanfari , Yang Chen , Reyhaneh Jabbarvand

Time complexity is a theoretic measure to determine the amount of time the algorithm needs for its execution. In reality, developers write algorithms into code snippets within limited resources, making the calculation of a code's time…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-03-24 Joonghyuk Hahn , Hyeseon Ahn , Jungin Kim , Soohan Lim , Yo-Sub Han

Deep learning is rapidly becoming a go-to tool for many artificial intelligence problems due to its ability to outperform other approaches and even humans at many problems. Despite its popularity we are still unable to accurately predict…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-11-30 Daniel Justus , John Brennan , Stephen Bonner , Andrew Stephen McGough

We introduce the task of algorithm class prediction for programming word problems. A programming word problem is a problem written in natural language, which can be solved using an algorithm or a program. We define classes of various…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-04-05 Vinayak Athavale , Aayush Naik , Rajas Vanjape , Manish Shrivastava

Since many real-world problems arising in the fields of compiler optimisation, automated software engineering, formal proof systems, and so forth are equivalent to the Halting Problem--the most notorious undecidable problem--there is a…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2007-07-13 Cristian S. Calude , Michael A. Stay

Context: Developers spend most of their time comprehending source code during software development. Automatically assessing how readable and understandable source code is can provide various benefits in different tasks, such as task…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-08-28 Bin Lin , Gregorio Robles

Error-correcting codes and related combinatorial constructs play an important role in several recent (and old) results in computational complexity theory. In this paper we survey results on locally-testable and locally-decodable…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2007-07-13 Luca Trevisan

Researchers have investigated the potential of leveraging pre-trained language models, such as CodeBERT, to enhance source code-related tasks. Previous methodologies have relied on CodeBERT's '[CLS]' token as the embedding representation of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Yong Ma , Senlin Luo , Yu-Ming Shang , Yifei Zhang , Zhengjun Li

Machine learning algorithms are typically run on large scale, distributed compute infrastructure that routinely face a number of unavailabilities such as failures and temporary slowdowns. Adding redundant computations using coding-theoretic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-06-05 Jack Kosaian , K. V. Rashmi , Shivaram Venkataraman

Bug prediction is a resource demanding task that is hard to automate using static source code analysis. In many fields of computer science, machine learning has proven to be extremely useful in tasks like this, however, for it to work we…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-10-12 Tamás Aladics , Judit Jász , Rudolf Ferenc

Qualitative data analysis provides insight into the underlying perceptions and experiences within unstructured data. However, the time-consuming nature of the coding process, especially for larger datasets, calls for innovative approaches,…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Elisabeth Kirsten , Annalina Buckmann , Abraham Mhaidli , Steffen Becker

Perhaps surprisingly, it is possible to predict how long an algorithm will take to run on a previously unseen input, using machine learning techniques to build a model of the algorithm's runtime as a function of problem-specific instance…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-10-29 Frank Hutter , Lin Xu , Holger H. Hoos , Kevin Leyton-Brown

Modern Code Review (MCR) is a standard in all kinds of organizations that develop software. MCR pays for itself through perceived and proven benefits in quality assurance and knowledge transfer. However, the time invest in MCR is generally…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-04-20 Robert Heumüller

Code runtime optimization-the task of rewriting a given code to a faster one-remains challenging, as it requires reasoning about performance trade-offs involving algorithmic and structural choices. Recent approaches employ code-LLMs with…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Su-Hyeon Kim , Joonghyuk Hahn , Sooyoung Cha , Yo-Sub Han