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The development of four-dimensional (4D) scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) using fast detectors has opened-up new avenues for addressing some of long-standing challenges in electron imaging. One of these challenges is how to…
Strain engineering enables the direct modification of the atomic bonding and is currently an active area of research aimed at improving the electrocatalytic activity. However, directly measuring the lattice strain of individual catalyst…
The association of scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and the detection of a diffraction pattern at each probe position (so-called 4D-STEM) represents one of the most promising approaches to analyze structural properties of…
Advancements in fast electron detectors have enabled the statistically significant sampling of crystal structures on the nanometre scale by means of Scanning Electron Nanobeam Diffraction (SEND). Characterisation of structural similarity…
The control of optically driven high-frequency strain waves in nanostructured systems is an essential ingredient for the further development of nanophononics. However, broadly applicable experimental means to quantitatively map such…
Strain has a strong effect on the properties of materials and the performance of electronic devices. Their ever shrinking size translates into a constant demand for accurate and precise measurement methods with very high spatial resolution.…
Microstructure characterisation has been greatly enhanced through the use of electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), where rich maps are generated through analysis of the crystal phase and orientation in the scanning electron microscope…
One of the primary uses for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is to measure diffraction pattern images in order to determine a crystal structure and orientation. In nanobeam electron diffraction (NBED) we scan a moderately converged…
The appearance of direct electron detectors marked a new era for electron diffraction. Their high sensitivity and low noise opens the possibility to extend electron diffraction from transmission electron microscopes (TEM) to lower energies…
In materials science and particularly electron microscopy, Electron Back-scatter Diffraction (EBSD) is a common and powerful mapping technique for collecting local crystallographic data at the sub-micron scale. The quality of the…
The three scanning electron microscope diffraction based techniques of electron channelling patterns (ECPs), electron channelling contrast imaging (ECCI), and electron back scatter diffraction (EBSD) are reviewed. The dynamical diffraction…
Development in lattice strain mapping using four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy (4D-STEM) method now offers improved precision and feasibility. However, automatic and accurate diffraction analysis is still challenging…
Momentum-resolved scanning transmission electron microscopy (MRSTEM) is a powerful phase-contrast technique that can map lateral magnetic and electric fields ranging from the micrometer to the subatomic scale. Resolving fields ranging from…
Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) is a well-established method of characterisation for crystalline materials. This technique can rapidly acquire and index diffraction patterns to provide phase and orientation information about the…
Nanoscale strain mapping by four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy (4D-STEM) relies on determining the precise locations of Bragg-scattered electrons in a sequence of diffraction patterns, a task which is complicated by…
Four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy (4D-STEM) enables mapping of diffraction information with nanometer-scale spatial resolution, offering detailed insight into local structure, orientation, and strain. However, as…
Ultrafast electron diffraction (UED) is a technique in which short-pulse electron beams can probe the femtosecond-scale evolution of atomic structure in matter driven far from equilibrium. As an accelerator physics challenge, UED imposes…
Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) is a technique used to measure crystallographic features in the scanning electron microscope. The technique is highly automated and readily accessible in many laboratories. EBSD pattern indexing is…
Pattern matching between target electron backscatter patterns (EBSPs) and dynamically simulated EBSPs was used to determine the pattern centre (PC) and crystal orientation, using a global optimisation algorithm. Systematic analysis of error…
Space charge layers (SCLs) at grain boundaries play a crucial role in modulating local electric fields and influencing the functional properties of materials, such as oxygen vacancy migration and ionic conductivity in oxide ceramics.…