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This paper introduces a novel algorithmic framework for a deep neural network (DNN), which in a mathematically rigorous manner, allows us to incorporate history (or memory) into the network -- it ensures all layers are connected to one…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-04-03 Harbir Antil , Ratna Khatri , Rainald Löhner , Deepanshu Verma

We consider recent work of Haber and Ruthotto 2017 and Chang et al. 2018, where deep learning neural networks have been interpreted as discretisations of an optimal control problem subject to an ordinary differential equation constraint. We…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-10-02 Martin Benning , Elena Celledoni , Matthias J. Ehrhardt , Brynjulf Owren , Carola-Bibiane Schönlieb

Neural networks have been applied to control problems, typically by combining data, differential equation residuals, and objective costs in the training loss or by incorporating auxiliary architectural components. Instead, we propose a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-04-10 Oliver G. S. Lundqvist , Fabricio Oliveira

Scientific machine learning is an emerging field that broadly describes the combination of scientific computing and machine learning to address challenges in science and engineering. Within the context of differential equations, this has…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Laurens R. Lueg , Victor Alves , Daniel Schicksnus , John R. Kitchin , Carl D. Laird , Lorenz T. Biegler

Neural Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs) represent a significant advancement at the intersection of machine learning and dynamical systems, offering a continuous-time analog to discrete neural networks. Despite their promise, deploying…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-06-18 Matteo Caldana , Jan S. Hesthaven

We propose a novel second-order optimization framework for training the emerging deep continuous-time models, specifically the Neural Ordinary Differential Equations (Neural ODEs). Since their training already involves expensive gradient…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-09 Guan-Horng Liu , Tianrong Chen , Evangelos A. Theodorou

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have achieved remarkable empirical success, yet the absence of a principled theoretical foundation continues to hinder their systematic development. In this survey, we present differential equations as a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Hongjue Zhao , Yizhuo Chen , Yuchen Wang , Hairong Qi , Lui Sha , Tarek Abdelzaher , Huajie Shao

Differential equations (DE) constrained optimization plays a critical role in numerous scientific and engineering fields, including energy systems, aerospace engineering, ecology, and finance, where optimal configurations or control…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-03 Vincenzo Di Vito , Mostafa Mohammadian , Kyri Baker , Ferdinando Fioretto

The unprecedented availability of large-scale datasets in neuroscience has spurred the exploration of artificial deep neural networks (DNNs) both as empirical tools and as models of natural neural systems. Their appeal lies in their ability…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2024-03-22 Ahmed ElGazzar , Marcel van Gerven

To understand the fundamental trade-offs between training stability, temporal dynamics and architectural complexity of recurrent neural networks~(RNNs), we directly analyze RNN architectures using numerical methods of ordinary differential…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-01 Murphy Yuezhen Niu , Lior Horesh , Isaac Chuang

Deep Learning has emerged as one of the most significant innovations in machine learning. However, a notable limitation of this field lies in the ``black box" decision-making processes, which have led to skepticism within groups like…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-06 Shi Li

Purpose: To develop a neural ordinary differential equation (ODE) model for visualizing deep neural network (DNN) behavior during multi-parametric MRI (mp-MRI) based glioma segmentation as a method to enhance deep learning explainability.…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2022-03-25 Zhenyu Yang , Zongsheng Hu , Hangjie Ji , Kyle Lafata , Scott Floyd , Fang-Fang Yin , Chunhao Wang

The order/dimension of models derived on the basis of data is commonly restricted by the number of observations, or in the context of monitored systems, sensing nodes. This is particularly true for structural systems (e.g., civil or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-01 Zhilu Lai , Wei Liu , Xudong Jian , Kiran Bacsa , Limin Sun , Eleni Chatzi

In this work, we introduce and study a class of Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) in continuous-time. The proposed architecture stems from the combination of Neural Ordinary Differential Equations (Neural ODEs) with the model structure of…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-09-18 Daniele Martinelli , Clara Lucía Galimberti , Ian R. Manchester , Luca Furieri , Giancarlo Ferrari-Trecate

Neural Ordinary Differential Equations (NODEs), a framework of continuous-depth neural networks, have been widely applied, showing exceptional efficacy in coping with some representative datasets. Recently, an augmented framework has been…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-23 Qunxi Zhu , Yao Guo , Wei Lin

Operator learning has emerged as a promising paradigm for developing efficient surrogate models to solve partial differential equations (PDEs). However, existing approaches often overlook the domain knowledge inherent in the underlying PDEs…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Ziqian Li , Kang Liu , Yongcun Song , Hangrui Yue , Enrique Zuazua

Stochastic regularization of neural networks (e.g. dropout) is a wide-spread technique in deep learning that allows for better generalization. Despite its success, continuous-time models, such as neural ordinary differential equation (ODE),…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-29 Viktor Oganesyan , Alexandra Volokhova , Dmitry Vetrov

Neural ordinary differential equations (NODEs) -- parametrizations of differential equations using neural networks -- have shown tremendous promise in learning models of unknown continuous-time dynamical systems from data. However, every…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-02 Franck Djeumou , Cyrus Neary , Eric Goubault , Sylvie Putot , Ufuk Topcu

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have provided brilliant performance across various tasks. However, this success often comes at the cost of unnecessarily large model sizes, high computational demands, and substantial memory footprints.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Shaharyar Ahmed Khan Tareen , Filza Khan Tareen

Real-world systems are often formulated as constrained optimization problems. Techniques to incorporate constraints into Neural Networks (NN), such as Neural Ordinary Differential Equations (Neural ODEs), have been used. However, these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-27 C. Coelho , M. Fernanda P. Costa , L. L. Ferrás