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Quantum key distribution (QKD) promises unconditionally secure key generation between two distant parties by wisely exploiting properties of quantum mechanics. In QKD, experimental measurements on quantum states are transformed to a secret…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-05-03 Xiongfeng Ma , Chi-Hang Fred Fung , Jean-Christian Boileau , H. F. Chau

Continuous variable (CV) quantum key distribution (QKD) provides a powerful setting for secure quantum communications, thanks to the use of room-temperature off-the-shelf optical devices and the potential to reach much higher rates than the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-03-03 Stefano Pirandola

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) enables two distant users to exchange a secret key with information-theoretic security, based on the fundamental laws of quantum physics. While it is arguably the most mature application of quantum…

Future global quantum communication networks, or quantum Internet, will realize high-rate secure communication and entanglement distribution for large-scale users over long distances. Continuous variable (CV) quantum key distribution (QKD)…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-26 Zhiyue Zuo , Masoud Ghalaii , Stefano Pirandola

Most quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols can be classified as either a discrete-variable (DV) protocol or continuous-variable (CV) protocol, based on how classical information is being encoded. We propose a protocol that combines the…

A realistic Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) protocol necessarily deals with finite resources, such as the number of signals exchanged by the two parties. We derive a bound on the secret key rate which is expressed as an optimization problem…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-10-13 Silvestre Abruzzo , Hermann Kampermann , Markus Mertz , Dagmar Bruß

A main type of obstacles of practical applications of quantum key distribution (QKD) network is various attacks on detection. Measurement-device-independent QKD (MDIQKD) protocol is immune to all these attacks and thus a strong candidate…

Twin-field quantum key distribution (TFQKD) systems have shown great promise for implementing practical long-distance secure quantum communication due to its measurement-device-independent nature and its ability to offer fundamentally…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-01-24 Xiaoqing Zhong , Wenyuan Wang , Reem Mandil , Hoi-Kwong Lo , Li Qian

Quantum key distribution (QKD) allows two remote users to establish a secret key in the presence of an eavesdropper. The users share quantum states prepared in two mutually-unbiased bases: one to generate the key while the other monitors…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-05-03 Nurul T. Islam , Charles Ci Wen Lim , Clinton Cahall , Jungsang Kim , Daniel J. Gauthier

Distributing secret keys with information-theoretic security is arguably one of the most important achievements of the field of quantum information processing and communications. The rapid progress in this field has enabled quantum key…

We present a review on the historic development of the decoy state method, including the background, principles, methods, results and development. We also clarify some delicate concepts. Given an imperfect source and a very lossy channel,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-09-08 Xiang-Bin Wang

A semi-quantum key distribution (SQKD) protocol allows a quantum user and a limited "classical" user to establish a shared secret key secure against an all-powerful adversary. In this work, we present a new SQKD protocol where the quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-10-17 Walter O. Krawec , Eric P. Geiss

There has been much interest in quantum key distribution. Experimentally, quantum key distribution over 150 km of commercial Telecom fibers has been successfully performed. The crucial issue in quantum key distribution is its security.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-10 Hoi-Kwong Lo , Xiongfeng Ma , Kai Chen

We demonstrate the decoy-state quantum key distribution (QKD) with one-way quantum communication in polarization space over 102km. Further, we simplify the experimental setup and use only one detector to implement the one-way decoy-state…

Quantum key distribution (QKD), which promises secure key exchange between two remote parties, is now moving toward the realization of scalable and secure QKD networks (QNs). Fully connected, trusted node-free QNs have been realized based…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-18 Wenhan Yan , Xiaodong Zheng , Wenjun Wen , Liangliang Lu , Yifeng Du , Yanqing Lu , Shining Zhu , Xiao-Song Ma

Continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) has gathered significant interest for its potential to achieve high secret key rates and seamless integration with existing optical communication infrastructure. State-of-the-art CV-QKD…

The feasibility of trust-free long-haul quantum key distribution (QKD) networks is addressed. We combine measurement-device-independent QKD (MDI-QKD), as an access technology, with a quantum repeater setup, at the core of future quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-03-02 Nicoló Lo Piparo , Mohsen Razavi

In theory, quantum key distribution (QKD) offers unconditional security based on the laws of physics. However, as demonstrated in recent quantum hacking theory and experimental papers, detection efficiency loophole can be fatal to the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-01-06 Chi-Hang Fred Fung , Kiyoshi Tamaki , Bing Qi , Hoi-Kwong Lo , Xiongfeng Ma

Quantum key distribution (QKD) achieves information-theoretic security, without relying on computational assumptions, by distributing quantum states. To establish secret bits, two honest parties exploit key distillation protocols over…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-06 Rutvij Bhavsar , Junguk Moon , Joonwoo Bae

Quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols most often use two conjugate bases in order to verify the security of the quantum channel. In the majority of protocols, these bases are mutually unbiased to one another, which is to say they are…

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