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For permissionless blockchains, scalability is paramount. While current technologies still fail to address this problem fully, many research works propose sharding or other techniques that extensively adopt parallel processing of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-12-23 Andrea Mariani , Gianluca Mariani , Diego Pennino , Maurizio Pizzonia

Traditional Blockchain Sharding approaches can only tolerate up to n/3 of nodes being adversary because they rely on the hypergeometric distribution to make a failure (an adversary does not have n/3 of nodes globally but can manipulate the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-03-26 Yibin Xu , Yangyu Huang

Blockchain technologies are one possible avenue for increasing the resilience of the Smart Grid, by decentralizing the monitoring and control of system-level objectives such as voltage stability protection. They furthermore offer benefits…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2022-06-29 Kimia Honari , Xiaotian Zhou , Sara Rouhani , Scott Dick , Hao Liang , James Miller Li , James Miller

This paper reviews and highlights how coding schemes have been used to solve various problems in blockchain systems. Specifically, these problems relate to scaling blockchains in terms of their data storage, computation and communication…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2022-08-22 Changlin Yang , Kwan-Wu Chin , Jiguang Wang , Xiaodong Wang , Ying Liu , Zibin Zheng

Sharding is a technique to speed up transaction processing in blockchains, where the $n$ processing nodes in the blockchain are divided into $s$ disjoint groups (shards) that can process transactions in parallel. We study dynamic scheduling…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Ramesh Adhikari , Costas Busch , Miroslav Popovic

Integrating sharded blockchain with IoT presents a solution for trust issues and optimized data flow. Sharding boosts blockchain scalability by dividing its nodes into parallel shards, yet it's vulnerable to the $1\%$ attacks where…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-01-02 Zixu Zhang , Guangsheng Yu , Caijun Sun , Xu Wang , Ying Wang , Ming Zhang , Wei Ni , Ren Ping Liu , Andrew Reeves , Nektarios Georgalas

Chainspace is a decentralized infrastructure, known as a distributed ledger, that supports user defined smart contracts and executes user-supplied transactions on their objects. The correct execution of smart contract transactions is…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-08-15 Mustafa Al-Bassam , Alberto Sonnino , Shehar Bano , Dave Hrycyszyn , George Danezis

Throughput limitations of existing blockchain architectures are one of the most significant hurdles for their wide-spread adoption. Attempts to address this challenge include layer-2 solutions, such as Bitcoin's Lightning or Ethereum's…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2019-09-13 Alexander Hentschel , Dieter Shirley , Layne Lafrance

Decentralized resource markets are Web 3.0 applications that build open-access platforms for trading digital resources among users without any central management. They promise cost reduction, transparency, and flexible service provision.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Mohamed E. Najd , Ghada Almashaqbeh

In blockchain sharding, $n$ processing nodes are divided into $s$ shards, and each shard processes transactions in parallel. A key challenge in such a system is to ensure system stability for any ``tractable'' pattern of generated…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Ramesh Adhikari , Costas Busch , Dariusz R. Kowalski

The main problem faced by smart contract platforms is the amount of time and computational power required to reach consensus. In a classical blockchain model, each operation is in fact performed by each node, both to update the status and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-11-11 Alessio Meneghetti , Tommaso Parise , Massimiliano Sala , Daniele Taufer

Public blockchains are decentralized networks where each participating node executes the same decision-making process. This form of decentralization does not scale well because the same data are stored on each network node, and because all…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2022-06-30 M. Toulouse , H. K. Dai , Q. L. Nguyen

Public blockchains should be able to scale with respect to the number of nodes and to the transactions workload. The blockchain scalability trilemma has been informally conjectured. This is related to scalability, security and…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-06-08 Gianmaria Del Monte , Diego Pennino , Maurizio Pizzonia

Sharding is a promising blockchain scaling solution. But it currently suffers from high latency and low throughput when it comes to cross-shard transactions, i.e., transactions that require coordination from multiple shards. The root cause…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-02-01 Sourav Das , Vinith Krishnan , Ling Ren

Sharding is proposed to enhance blockchain scalability. However, a size-security dilemma where every shard must be large enough to ensure its security constrains the efficacy of individual shards and the degree of sharding itself. Most…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-26 Jianting Zhang , Zhongtang Luo , Raghavendra Ramesh , Aniket Kate

Cryptocurrencies, implemented with blockchain protocols, promise to become a global payment system if they can overcome performance limitations. Rapidly advancing architectures improve on latency and throughput, but most require all…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-09-17 Alex Manuskin , Michael Mirkin , Ittay Eyal

Blockchains have shown great promise as peer-to-peer digital currency systems over the past 10 years. However, with increased popularity, the demand for processing transactions has also grown leading to increased costs, confirmation times,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-11-02 Karl J. Kreder

Due to its security, transparency, and flexibility in verifying virtual assets, blockchain has been identified as one of the key technologies for Metaverse. Unfortunately, blockchain-based Metaverse faces serious challenges such as massive…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-05-02 Cong T. Nguyen , Dinh Thai Hoang , Diep N. Nguyen , Yong Xiao , Dusit Niyato , Eryk Dutkiewicz

Sharding has emerged as one of the common techniques to address the scalability problems of blockchain systems. To this end, various sharding techniques for blockchain systems have been proposed in the literature. When sharded blockchains…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-11-04 Narasimha Raghavan Veeraragavan , Kaiwen Zhang

Sharding is a way to address scalability problem in blockchain technologies. Ethereum, a prominent blockchain technology, has included sharding in its roadmap to increase its throughput. The plan is also to include multiple execution…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2021-05-19 Raghavendra Ramesh