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For closed quantum systems, topological orders are understood through the equivalence classes of ground states of gapped local Hamiltonians. The generalization of this conceptual paradigm to open quantum systems, however, remains elusive,…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2025-10-10 Tai-Hsuan Yang , Bowen Shi , Jong Yeon Lee

Projected entangled-pair states (PEPS) have become a powerful tool for studying quantum many-body systems in the condensed matter and quantum materials context, particularly with advances in variational energy optimization methods. A key…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2025-06-10 Jan Naumann , Erik Lennart Weerda , Jens Eisert , Matteo Rizzi , Philipp Schmoll

An efficient algorithm is constructed for contracting two-dimensional tensor networks under periodic boundary conditions. The central ingredient is a novel renormalization step that scales linearly with system size, i.e. from $L \to L+1$.…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2025-04-17 Gleb Fedorovich , Lukas Devos , Jutho Haegeman , Laurens Vanderstraeten , Frank Verstraete , Atsushi Ueda

We present several improvements of the infinite matrix product state (iMPS) algorithm for finding ground states of one-dimensional quantum systems with long-range interactions. As a main new ingredient we introduce the superposed…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-03-19 V. Nebendahl , W. Dür

Tensor networks, a model that originated from quantum physics, has been gradually generalized as efficient models in machine learning in recent years. However, in order to achieve exact contraction, only tree-like tensor networks such as…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-03-17 Song Cheng , Lei Wang , Pan Zhang

Symmetry-protected topological (SPT) phases exhibit nontrivial order if symmetry is respected but are adiabatically connected to the trivial product phase if symmetry is not respected. However, unlike the symmetry-breaking phase, there is…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2016-05-04 Ching-Yu Huang , Tzu-Chieh Wei

Kitaev's toric code has become one of the most studied models in physics and is highly relevant to the fields of both quantum error correction and condensed matter physics. Most notably, it is the simplest known model hosting an extended,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-17 Simon M. Linsel , Lode Pollet , Fabian Grusdt

Machine-learning driven models have proven to be powerful tools for the identification of phases of matter. In particular, unsupervised methods hold the promise to help discover new phases of matter without the need for any prior…

A projected entangled pair state (PEPS) with ancillas is evolved in imaginary time. This tensor network represents a thermal state of a 2D lattice quantum system. A finite temperature phase diagram of the 2D quantum Ising model in a…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2012-12-07 Piotr Czarnik , Lukasz Cincio , Jacek Dziarmaga

An algorithm to find a graded Projected Entangled-Pair State representation of the ground state wave functions is developed for translationally invariant strongly correlated electronic systems on infinite-size lattices in two spatial…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2009-08-03 Qian-Qian Shi , Sheng-Hao Li , Jian-Hui Zhao , Huan-Qiang Zhou

Highly frustrated spin systems represent a central and challenging problem in condensed mater physics. To this problem, we introduce an algorithm based on mixed projected entangled pair states (m-PEPS), which is a novel type of tensor…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2013-05-03 Huan He , Zhen Wang , Chuanfeng Li , YongJian Han , Guangcan Guo

Two established frameworks account for the onset of a gap in a superconducting system: one is based on spontaneous symmetry breaking via the Anderson-Higgs-Kibble mechanism, and the other is based on the recently developed paradigm of…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2010-10-27 M. Cristina Diamantini , Pasquale Sodano

Recent years have witnessed a surge of interest in performing measurements within topological phases of matter, e.g., symmetry-protected topological (SPT) phases and topological orders. Notably, measurements of certain SPT states have been…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2023-10-30 Yabo Li , Mikhail Litvinov , Tzu-Chieh Wei

Tensor networks are generated by a set of small rank tensors and define many-body quantum states in a succinct form. The corresponding map is not one-to-one: different sets of tensors may generate the very same state. A fundamental question…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2018-11-27 Andras Molnar , José Garre-Rubio , David Pérez-García , Norbert Schuch , J. Ignacio Cirac

The Landau description of phase transitions relies on the identification of a local order parameter that indicates the onset of a symmetry-breaking phase. In contrast, topological phase transitions evade this paradigm and, as a result, are…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2020-06-24 Joaquin F. Rodriguez-Nieva , Mathias S. Scheurer

We show how to generalize the concepts of identifying and classifying symmetry protected topological phases in 1D to the case of an arbitrary mixed state. The pure state concepts are reviewed using a concrete spin-1 model. For the mixed…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2014-09-15 Evert P. L. van Nieuwenburg , Sebastian D. Huber

Numerical treatment of two dimensional strongly-correlated systems is both extremely challenging and of fundamental importance. Infinite projected entangled-pair states (PEPS), a class of tensor networks, have demonstrated cutting-edge…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2023-06-26 Boris Ponsioen , Juraj Hasik , Philippe Corboz

We investigate the quantum phases of higher-spin Kitaev models using tensor network methods. Our results reveal distinct bond-ordered phases for spin-1, spin-$\tfrac{3}{2}$, and spin-2 models. In all cases, we find translational symmetry…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2025-11-11 Xing-Yu Zhang , Qi Yang , Philippe Corboz , Jutho Haegeman , Yuchi He

We use the finite-entanglement scaling of infinite matrix product states (iMPS) to explore supposedly infinite order transitions. This universal method may have lower computational costs than finite-size scaling. To this end, we study…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2011-02-22 Adam Nagy

Matrix Product States (MPS) and Projected Entangled Pair States (PEPS) are powerful analytical and numerical tools to assess quantum many-body systems in one and higher dimensions, respectively. While MPS are comprehensively understood, in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-11-23 G. Scarpa , A. Molnar , Y. Ge , J. J. Garcia-Ripoll , N. Schuch , D. Perez-Garcia , S. Iblisdir