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We present an uncertainty quantification methodology for density estimation from Background Oriented Schlieren (BOS) measurements, in order to provide local, instantaneous, a-posteriori uncertainty bounds on each density measurement in the…

We present an image generation methodology based on ray tracing that can be used to render realistic images of Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and Background Oriented Schlieren (BOS) experiments in the presence of density/refractive index…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-07-24 Lalit K. Rajendran , Sally P. M. Bane , Pavlos P. Vlachos

In monocular depth estimation, disturbances in the image context, like moving objects or reflecting materials, can easily lead to erroneous predictions. For that reason, uncertainty estimates for each pixel are necessary, in particular for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-14 Julia Hornauer , Vasileios Belagiannis

Spectrographs nominally contain a degree of quasi-static optical aberrations resulting from the quality of manufactured component surfaces, imperfect alignment, design residuals, thermal effects, and other other associated phenomena…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2021-07-28 Eric B. Bechter , Andrew J. Bechter , Justin R. Crepp , Jonathan Crass

The background-oriented Schlieren technique has emerged as a promising method for visualizing density gradients and performing quantitative measurements. However, an inherent constraint of BOS is the compromise between spatial resolution…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2025-09-08 Xiang Li , Muen Gao , Weiran Wang , Jiawei Li , Chong Pan , Jinjun Wang , Yuan Xiong

This paper explores optimal methods for obtaining one-dimensional (1D) powder pattern intensities from two-dimensional (2D) planar detectors with good estimates of their standard deviations. We describe methods to estimate uncertainties…

Materials Science · Physics 2014-09-12 Xiaohao Yang , Pavol Juhas , Simon J. L. Billinge

We study the uncertainty in different two-point correlation function (2PCF) estimators in currently available galaxy surveys. This is motivated by the active subject of using the baryon acoustic oscillations (BAOs) feature in the…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2011-09-08 Antoine Labatie , Jean-Luc Starck , Marc Lachièze-Rey , Pablo Arnalte-Mur

Reliable uncertainty estimation for 3D object detection is critical for deploying safe autonomous systems, yet modern detectors remain poorly calibrated, especially under distribution shifts. Although post-hoc calibration methods address…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Till Beemelmanns , Alexey Nekrasov , Stefan Vilceanu , Jonas Steinhaus , Timo Woopen , Bastian Leibe , Lutz Eckstein

Conjunction assessment requires knowledge of the uncertainty in the predicted orbit. Errors in the atmospheric density are a major source of error in the prediction of low Earth orbits. Therefore, accurate estimation of the density and…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2020-04-24 David J. Gondelach , Richard Linares

We introduce the first comprehensive approach to determine the uncertainty in volumetric Particle Tracking Velocimetry (PTV) measurements. Volumetric PTV is a state-of-the-art non-invasive flow measurement technique, which measures the…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2022-10-19 Sayantan Bhattacharya , Pavlos P. Vlachos

Although redshift-space distortions only affect inferred distances and not angles, they still distort the projected angular clustering of galaxy samples selected using redshift dependent quantities. From an Eulerian view-point, this effect…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2011-05-05 Kelly Nock , Will J. Percival , Ashley J. Ross

Radiopharmaceutical therapies (RPTs) present a major opportunity to improve cancer therapy. Although many current RPTs use the same injected activity for all patients, there is interest in using absorbed dose measurements to enable…

Referring remote sensing image segmentation aims to localize specific targets described by natural language within complex overhead imagery. However, due to extreme scale variations, dense similar distractors, and intricate boundary…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Yuzhe Sun , Zhe Dong , Haochen Jiang , Tianzhu Liu , Yanfeng Gu

The vast majority of uncertainty quantification methods for deep object detectors such as variational inference are based on the network output. Here, we study gradient-based epistemic uncertainty metrics for deep object detectors to obtain…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-21 Tobias Riedlinger , Matthias Rottmann , Marius Schubert , Hanno Gottschalk

Atmospheric turbulence poses a significant challenge to the performance of object detection models. Turbulence causes distortions, blurring, and noise in images by bending and scattering light rays due to variations in the refractive index…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-13 Engin Uzun , Erdem Akagunduz

Non-intrusive quantitative fluid density measurements methods are essential in stratified flow experiments. Digital imaging leads to synthetic Schlieren methods in which the variations of the index of refraction are reconstructed…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2015-11-11 Lilly Verso , Alex Liberzon

In the field of deep learning based computer vision, the development of deep object detection has led to unique paradigms (e.g., two-stage or set-based) and architectures (e.g., Faster-RCNN or DETR) which enable outstanding performance on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-10-07 Denis Huseljic , Marek Herde , Mehmet Muejde , Bernhard Sick

Uncertainty quantification of the photogrammetry process is essential for providing per-point accuracy credentials of the point clouds. Unlike airborne LiDAR, whose accuracy generally remains consistent with objects with varying geometric…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Debao Huang , Rongjun Qin

Relativistic effects in clustering observations have been shown to introduce scale-dependent corrections to the galaxy over-density field on large scales, which may hamper the detection of primordial non-Gaussianity $f_\textrm{NL}$ through…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2020-10-14 Mike Shengbo Wang , Florian Beutler , David Bacon

In order to measure the large density-gradient fields of fluids such as underwater shock waves, we employed a fast Fourier demodulation called Fast Checkerboard Demodulation (FCD) method in Background Oriented Schlieren (BOS) technique. BOS…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2022-02-17 Takaaki Shimazaki , Sayaka Ichihara , Yoshiyuki Tagawa
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