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We consider random binary trees that appear as the output of certain standard algorithms for sorting and searching if the input is random. We introduce the subtree size metric on search trees and show that the resulting metric spaces…

Probability · Mathematics 2014-05-06 Rudolf Grübel

Flat combining is a concurrency threaded technique whereby one thread performs all the operations in batch by scanning a queue of operations to-be-done and performing them together. Flat combining makes sense as long as k operations each…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2019-12-25 Sergio Sainz-Palacios

Clustering ensemble, or consensus clustering, has emerged as a powerful tool for improving both the robustness and the stability of results from individual clustering methods. Weighted clustering ensemble arises naturally from clustering…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-12-14 Mimi Zhang

Boosting is a popular algorithm in supervised machine learning with wide applications in regression and classification problems. It combines weak learners, such as regression trees, to obtain accurate predictions. However, in the presence…

Computation · Statistics 2025-02-06 Zhu Wang

The Binary Search Tree (BST) is average in computer science which supports a compact data structure in memory and oneself even conducts a row of quick algorithms, by which people often apply it in dynamical circumstance. Besides these…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2018-10-05 Yong Tan

The original description of the k-d tree recognized that rebalancing techniques, such as used to build an AVL tree or a red-black tree, are not applicable to a k-d tree. Hence, in order to build a balanced k-d tree, it is necessary to find…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Russell A. Brown

Tree search algorithms, such as branch-and-bound, are the most widely used tools for solving combinatorial and nonconvex problems. For example, they are the foremost method for solving (mixed) integer programs and constraint satisfaction…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-05-18 Maria-Florina Balcan , Travis Dick , Tuomas Sandholm , Ellen Vitercik

Balanced search trees are widely used in computer science to efficiently maintain dynamic ordered data. To support efficient set operations (e.g., union, intersection, difference) using trees, the join-based framework is widely studied.…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Michael Goodrich , Yan Gu , Ryuto Kitagawa , Yihan Sun

Neural networks with tree-based sentence encoders have shown better results on many downstream tasks. Most of existing tree-based encoders adopt syntactic parsing trees as the explicit structure prior. To study the effectiveness of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-08-30 Haoyue Shi , Hao Zhou , Jiaze Chen , Lei Li

Tree-structured multi-task architectures have been employed to jointly tackle multiple vision tasks in the context of multi-task learning (MTL). The major challenge is to determine where to branch out for each task given a backbone model to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-26 Lijun Zhang , Xiao Liu , Hui Guan

In classification and forecasting with tabular data, one often utilizes tree-based models. Those can be competitive with deep neural networks on tabular data and, under some conditions, explainable. The explainability depends on the depth…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Jiri Nemecek , Tomas Pevny , Jakub Marecek

Additive models, such as produced by gradient boosting, and full interaction models, such as classification and regression trees (CART), are widely used algorithms that have been investigated largely in isolation. We show that these models…

Network topology plays a key role in many phenomena, from the spreading of diseases to that of financial crises. Whenever the whole structure of a network is unknown, one must resort to reconstruction methods that identify the least biased…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2015-06-09 Rossana Mastrandrea , Tiziano Squartini , Giorgio Fagiolo , Diego Garlaschelli

A weighted random survival forest is presented in the paper. It can be regarded as a modification of the random forest improving its performance. The main idea underlying the proposed model is to replace the standard procedure of averaging…

We consider the design of adaptive data structures for searching elements of a tree-structured space. We use a natural generalization of the rotation-based online binary search tree model in which the underlying search space is the set of…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2019-08-05 Prosenjit Bose , Jean Cardinal , John Iacono , Grigorios Koumoutsos , Stefan Langerman

Tree ensembles (TEs) find a multitude of practical applications. They represent one of the most general and accurate classes of machine learning methods. While they are typically quite concise in representation, their operation remains…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Yacine Izza , Alexey Ignatiev , Xuanxiang Huang , Peter J. Stuckey , Joao Marques-Silva

Tree-boosting is a widely used machine learning technique for tabular data. However, its out-of-sample accuracy is critically dependent on multiple hyperparameters. In this article, we empirically compare several popular methods for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Floris Jan Koster , Fabio Sigrist

Tree-reweighted max-product (TRW) message passing is a modified form of the ordinary max-product algorithm for attempting to find minimal energy configurations in Markov random field with cycles. For a TRW fixed point satisfying the strong…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2012-07-09 Vladimir Kolmogorov , Martin Wainwright

Dynamic regression trees are an attractive option for automatic regression and classification with complicated response surfaces in on-line application settings. We create a sequential tree model whose state changes in time with the…

Methodology · Statistics 2010-11-23 Matthew A. Taddy , Robert B. Gramacy , Nicholas G. Polson

It is required to find an optimal order of constructing the edges of a network so as to minimize the sum of the weighted connection times of relevant pairs of vertices. Construction can be performed anytime anywhere in the network, with a…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2021-04-20 Igor Averbakh