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Multi-agent reinforcement learning is a promising research area that extends established reinforcement learning approaches to problems formulated as multi-agent systems. Recently, a multitude of communication methods have been introduced to…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Christoph Wittner

In many real-world systems, such as adaptive robotics, achieving a single, optimised solution may be insufficient. Instead, a diverse set of high-performing solutions is often required to adapt to varying contexts and requirements. This is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-06 Garðar Ingvarsson , Mikayel Samvelyan , Bryan Lim , Manon Flageat , Antoine Cully , Tim Rocktäschel

Reinforcement learning algorithms in multi-agent systems deliver highly resilient and adaptable solutions for common problems in telecommunications,aerospace, and industrial robotics. However, achieving an optimal global goal remains a…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2021-05-18 Changgang Zheng , Shufan Yang , Juan Parra-Ullauri , Antonio Garcia-Dominguez , Nelly Bencomo

Deep latent variable models have achieved significant empirical successes in model-based reinforcement learning (RL) due to their expressiveness in modeling complex transition dynamics. On the other hand, it remains unclear theoretically…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-08 Tongzheng Ren , Chenjun Xiao , Tianjun Zhang , Na Li , Zhaoran Wang , Sujay Sanghavi , Dale Schuurmans , Bo Dai

We explore deep reinforcement learning methods for multi-agent domains. We begin by analyzing the difficulty of traditional algorithms in the multi-agent case: Q-learning is challenged by an inherent non-stationarity of the environment,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-17 Ryan Lowe , Yi Wu , Aviv Tamar , Jean Harb , Pieter Abbeel , Igor Mordatch

Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) has recently received considerable attention due to its applicability to a wide range of real-world applications. However, achieving efficient communication among agents has always been an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-04 Sai Qian Zhang , Qi Zhang , Jieyu Lin

Training agents in multi-agent competitive games presents significant challenges due to their intricate nature. These challenges are exacerbated by dynamics influenced not only by the environment but also by opponents' strategies. Existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-22 The Viet Bui , Tien Mai , Thanh Hong Nguyen

Hierarchical organization is fundamental to biological systems and human societies, yet artificial intelligence systems often rely on monolithic architectures that limit adaptability and scalability. Current hierarchical reinforcement…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-06 Giuseppe Paolo , Abdelhakim Benechehab , Hamza Cherkaoui , Albert Thomas , Balázs Kégl

One of the challenges for multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) is designing efficient learning algorithms for a large system in which each agent has only limited or partial information of the entire system. While exciting progress has…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-22 Haotian Gu , Xin Guo , Xiaoli Wei , Renyuan Xu

Large Language Model (LLM) agents have demonstrated remarkable proficiency in learned tasks, yet they often struggle to adapt to non-stationary environments with feedback. While In-Context Learning and external memory offer some…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Lu Yang , Zelai Xu , Minyang Xie , Jiaxuan Gao , Zhao Shok , Yu Wang , Yi Wu

Learning in multi-agent systems is highly challenging due to several factors including the non-stationarity introduced by agents' interactions and the combinatorial nature of their state and action spaces. In particular, we consider the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-05-10 Barna Pásztor , Ilija Bogunovic , Andreas Krause

With the advent of ride-sharing services, there is a huge increase in the number of people who rely on them for various needs. Most of the earlier approaches tackling this issue required handcrafted functions for estimating travel times and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-22 Oscar de Lima , Hansal Shah , Ting-Sheng Chu , Brian Fogelson

The use of skills (a.k.a., options) can greatly accelerate exploration in reinforcement learning, especially when only sparse reward signals are available. While option discovery methods have been proposed for individual agents, in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-22 Jiayu Chen , Marina Haliem , Tian Lan , Vaneet Aggarwal

Existing multi-agent reinforcement learning methods are limited typically to a small number of agents. When the agent number increases largely, the learning becomes intractable due to the curse of the dimensionality and the exponential…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2020-12-16 Yaodong Yang , Rui Luo , Minne Li , Ming Zhou , Weinan Zhang , Jun Wang

A common challenge in reinforcement learning is how to convert the agent's interactions with an environment into fast and robust learning. For instance, earlier work makes use of domain knowledge to improve existing reinforcement learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-01 Yannis Flet-Berliac , Philippe Preux

In the field of cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL), the standard paradigm is the use of centralised training and decentralised execution where a central critic conditions the policies of the cooperative agents based on a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-04-04 Siddarth Singh , Benjamin Rosman

In reinforcement learning, we typically refer to unsupervised pre-training when we aim to pre-train a policy without a priori access to the task specification, i.e. rewards, to be later employed for efficient learning of downstream tasks.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Riccardo Zamboni , Mirco Mutti , Marcello Restelli

This paper surveys the field of deep multiagent reinforcement learning. The combination of deep neural networks with reinforcement learning has gained increased traction in recent years and is slowly shifting the focus from single-agent to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-14 Annie Wong , Thomas Bäck , Anna V. Kononova , Aske Plaat

Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) methods have achieved state-of-the-art results on a range of multi-agent tasks. Yet, MARL algorithms typically require significantly more environment interactions than their single-agent…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-17 Tom Danino , Nahum Shimkin

Vision-and-language navigation (VLN) agents are trained to navigate in real-world environments by following natural language instructions. A major challenge in VLN is the limited availability of training data, which hinders the models'…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-24 Zi-Yi Dou , Feng Gao , Nanyun Peng