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Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) with large language models (LLMs) has demonstrated strong performance in multilingual question-answering (QA) tasks by leveraging relevant passages retrieved from corpora. In multilingual RAG (mRAG), the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-12 Jirui Qi , Raquel Fernández , Arianna Bisazza

Existing large language models show disparate capability across different languages, due to the imbalance in the training data. Their performances on English tasks are often stronger than on tasks of other languages. In this paper, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Wenhao Zhu , Yunzhe Lv , Qingxiu Dong , Fei Yuan , Jingjing Xu , Shujian Huang , Lingpeng Kong , Jiajun Chen , Lei Li

Multilingual Large Language Models (LLMs) develop cross-lingual abilities despite being trained on limited parallel data. However, they often struggle to generate responses in the intended language, favoring high-resource languages such as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Elnaz Rahmati , Alireza S. Ziabari , Morteza Dehghani

Evaluating machine-generated text remains a significant challenge in NLP, especially for non-English languages. Current methodologies, including automated metrics, human assessments, and LLM-based evaluations, predominantly focus on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-21 Sumanth Doddapaneni , Mohammed Safi Ur Rahman Khan , Dilip Venkatesh , Raj Dabre , Anoop Kunchukuttan , Mitesh M. Khapra

While natural language processing systems often focus on a single language, multilingual transfer learning has the potential to improve performance, especially for low-resource languages. We introduce XLDA, cross-lingual data augmentation,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-05-29 Jasdeep Singh , Bryan McCann , Nitish Shirish Keskar , Caiming Xiong , Richard Socher

Multiple-choice question answering (MCQA) is often used to evaluate large language models (LLMs). To see if MCQA assesses LLMs as intended, we probe if LLMs can perform MCQA with choices-only prompts, where models must select the correct…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Nishant Balepur , Abhilasha Ravichander , Rachel Rudinger

This paper presents MobQA, a benchmark dataset designed to evaluate the semantic understanding capabilities of large language models (LLMs) for human mobility data through natural language question answering. While existing models excel at…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-18 Hikaru Asano , Hiroki Ouchi , Akira Kasuga , Ryo Yonetani

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in natural language understanding and generation, but the quality bar for medical and clinical applications is high. Today, attempts to assess models' clinical knowledge…

Trustworthy answer content is abundant in many high-resource languages and is instantly accessible through question answering systems, yet this content can be hard to access for those that do not speak these languages. The leap forward in…

The increasing availability of multimodal data across text, tables, and images presents new challenges for developing models capable of complex cross-modal reasoning. Existing methods for Multimodal Multi-hop Question Answering (MMQA) often…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-14 Qi Zhi Lim , Chin Poo Lee , Kian Ming Lim , Kalaiarasi Sonai Muthu Anbananthen

Language Models (LMs) are primarily evaluated on globally popular sports, often overlooking regional and indigenous sporting traditions. To address this gap, we introduce \textbf{\textit{CultSportQA}}, a benchmark designed to assess LMs'…

In this paper, we establish a benchmark for table visual question answering, referred to as the TableVQA-Bench, derived from pre-existing table question-answering (QA) and table structure recognition datasets. It is important to note that…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-01 Yoonsik Kim , Moonbin Yim , Ka Yeon Song

Most multilingual question-answering benchmarks, while covering a diverse pool of languages, do not factor in regional diversity in the information they capture and tend to be Western-centric. This introduces a significant gap in fairly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Eshaan Tanwar , Anwoy Chatterjee , Michael Saxon , Alon Albalak , William Yang Wang , Tanmoy Chakraborty

Medical question-answering (QA) is a critical task for evaluating how effectively large language models (LLMs) encode clinical knowledge and assessing their potential applications in medicine. Despite showing promise on multiple-choice…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-06 Guangfu Guo , Kai Zhang , Bryan Hoo , Yujun Cai , Xiaoqian Lu , Nanyun Peng , Yiwei Wang

Visual Question Answering (VQA) is a challenge task that combines natural language processing and computer vision techniques and gradually becomes a benchmark test task in multimodal large language models (MLLMs). The goal of our survey is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-27 Jiayi Kuang , Jingyou Xie , Haohao Luo , Ronghao Li , Zhe Xu , Xianfeng Cheng , Yinghui Li , Xika Lin , Ying Shen

The recent success of machine learning systems on various QA datasets could be interpreted as a significant improvement in models' language understanding abilities. However, using various perturbations, multiple recent works have shown that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-24 Krunal Shah , Nitish Gupta , Dan Roth

We propose EXAMS -- a new benchmark dataset for cross-lingual and multilingual question answering for high school examinations. We collected more than 24,000 high-quality high school exam questions in 16 languages, covering 8 language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-09 Momchil Hardalov , Todor Mihaylov , Dimitrina Zlatkova , Yoan Dinkov , Ivan Koychev , Preslav Nakov

We propose XRAG, a novel benchmark designed to evaluate the generation abilities of LLMs in cross-lingual Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) settings where the user language does not match the retrieval results. XRAG is constructed from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-16 Wei Liu , Sony Trenous , Leonardo F. R. Ribeiro , Bill Byrne , Felix Hieber

Over the last twenty years, significant progress has been made in designing and implementing Question Answering (QA) systems. However, addressing complex questions, the answers to which are spread across multiple documents, remains a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Sourav Saha , Dwaipayan Roy , Mandar Mitra

Machine-translated benchmarks are widely used to assess the multilingual capabilities of large language models (LLMs), yet translation errors in these benchmarks remain underexplored, raising concerns about the reliability and comparability…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Klaudia-Doris Thellmann , Bernhard Stadler , Michael Färber , Jens Lehmann
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