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Deep neural networks are commonly trained using stochastic non-convex optimization procedures, which are driven by gradient information estimated on fractions (batches) of the dataset. While it is commonly accepted that batch size is an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-04-26 Ilya Loshchilov , Frank Hutter

Adam is one of the most popular optimization algorithms in deep learning. However, it is known that Adam does not converge in theory unless choosing a hyperparameter, i.e., $\beta_2$, in a problem-dependent manner. There have been many…

We study oracle complexity of gradient based methods for stochastic approximation problems. Though in many settings optimal algorithms and tight lower bounds are known for such problems, these optimal algorithms do not achieve the best…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-06-20 Jingzhao Zhang , Hongzhou Lin , Subhro Das , Suvrit Sra , Ali Jadbabaie

Adam is widely recognized as one of the most effective optimizers for training deep neural networks (DNNs). Despite its remarkable empirical success, its theoretical convergence analysis remains unsatisfactory. Existing works predominantly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Hanyang Peng , Shuang Qin , Yue Yu , Fangqing Jiang , Hui Wang , Zhouchen Lin

An algorithm is presented for momentum gradient descent optimization based on the first-order differential equation of the Newtonian dynamics. The fictitious mass is introduced to the dynamics of momentum for regularizing the adaptive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-05-15 Zhidong Han

As deep learning models exponentially increase in size, optimizers such as Adam encounter significant memory consumption challenges due to the storage of first and second moment data. Current memory-efficient methods like Adafactor and CAME…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-25 Pengxiang Zhao , Ping Li , Yingjie Gu , Yi Zheng , Stephan Ludger Kölker , Zhefeng Wang , Xiaoming Yuan

Adaptive gradient methods have become popular in optimizing deep neural networks; recent examples include AdaGrad and Adam. Although Adam usually converges faster, variations of Adam, for instance, the AdaBelief algorithm, have been…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Kushal Chakrabarti , Nikhil Chopra

The Adam optimization method has achieved remarkable success in addressing contemporary challenges in stochastic optimization. This method falls within the realm of adaptive sub-gradient techniques, yet the underlying geometric principles…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Chinedu Eleh , Masuzyo Mwanza , Ekene Aguegboh , Hans-Werner van Wyk

Adaptive optimization algorithms, particularly Adam and its variant AdamW, are fundamental components of modern deep learning. However, their training dynamics lack comprehensive theoretical understanding, with limited insight into why…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-23 Rhys Gould , Hidenori Tanaka

This paper formalizes and analyzes Gaussian smoothing applied to two prominent optimization methods: Stochastic Gradient Descent (GSmoothSGD) and Adam (GSmoothAdam) in deep learning. By attenuating small fluctuations, Gaussian smoothing…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-11-19 Andrew Starnes , Clayton Webster

In deep learning, different kinds of deep networks typically need different optimizers, which have to be chosen after multiple trials, making the training process inefficient. To relieve this issue and consistently improve the model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-02 Xingyu Xie , Pan Zhou , Huan Li , Zhouchen Lin , Shuicheng Yan

Convergence and convergence rate analyses of adaptive methods, such as Adaptive Moment Estimation (Adam) and its variants, have been widely studied for nonconvex optimization. The analyses are based on assumptions that the expected or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-28 Hideaki Iiduka

When training neural models, it is common to combine multiple loss terms. The balancing of these terms requires considerable human effort and is computationally demanding. Moreover, the optimal trade-off between the loss term can change as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-29 Itzik Malkiel , Lior Wolf

This paper establishes a mathematical foundation for the Adam optimizer, elucidating its connection to natural gradient descent through Riemannian and information geometry. We provide an accessible and detailed analysis of the diagonal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-05 Dongseong Hwang

Adam is widely adopted in practical applications due to its fast convergence. However, its theoretical analysis is still far from satisfactory. Existing convergence analyses for Adam rely on the bounded smoothness assumption, referred to as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Bohan Wang , Yushun Zhang , Huishuai Zhang , Qi Meng , Ruoyu Sun , Zhi-Ming Ma , Tie-Yan Liu , Zhi-Quan Luo , Wei Chen

Adam is the de facto optimization algorithm for several deep learning applications, but an understanding of its implicit bias and how it differs from other algorithms, particularly standard first-order methods such as (stochastic) gradient…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Bhavya Vasudeva , Jung Whan Lee , Vatsal Sharan , Mahdi Soltanolkotabi

Stochastic gradient algorithms are the main focus of large-scale optimization problems and led to important successes in the recent advancement of the deep learning algorithms. The convergence of SGD depends on the careful choice of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-03-03 Caglar Gulcehre , Jose Sotelo , Marcin Moczulski , Yoshua Bengio

Adaptive gradient-based optimizers, notably Adam, have left their mark in training large-scale deep learning models, offering fast convergence and robustness to hyperparameter settings. However, they often struggle with generalization,…

Stochastic optimizers play a crucial role in the successful training of deep neural network models. To achieve optimal model performance, designers must carefully select both model and optimizer hyperparameters. However, this process is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-17 Gustavo Silva , Paul Rodriguez

Stochastic gradient descent (SGD) is the main approach for training deep networks: it moves towards the optimum of the cost function by iteratively updating the parameters of a model in the direction of the gradient of the loss evaluated on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-30 Loris Nanni , Gianluca Maguolo , Alessandra Lumini