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Learning useful representations without supervision remains a key challenge in machine learning. In this paper, we propose a simple yet powerful generative model that learns such discrete representations. Our model, the Vector…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-05-31 Aaron van den Oord , Oriol Vinyals , Koray Kavukcuoglu

Within the context of event modeling and understanding, we propose a new method for neural sequence modeling that takes partially-observed sequences of discrete, external knowledge into account. We construct a sequential neural variational…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-14 Mehdi Rezaee , Francis Ferraro

Discrete representations of speech, obtained from Self-Supervised Learning (SSL) foundation models, are widely used, especially where there are limited data for the downstream task, such as for a low-resource language. Typically,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Opeyemi Osakuade , Simon King

Learning deep discrete latent presentations offers a promise of better symbolic and summarized abstractions that are more useful to subsequent downstream tasks. Inspired by the seminal Vector Quantized Variational Auto-Encoder (VQ-VAE),…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-21 Tung-Long Vuong , Trung Le , He Zhao , Chuanxia Zheng , Mehrtash Harandi , Jianfei Cai , Dinh Phung

The optimization of a wavelet-based algorithm to improve speech intelligibility along with the full data set and results are reported. The discrete-time speech signal is split into frequency sub-bands via a multi-level discrete wavelet…

Sound · Computer Science 2022-07-25 Tianqu Kang , Anh-Dung Dinh , Binghong Wang , Tianyuan Du , Yijia Chen , Kevin Chau

Pre-training for feature extraction is an increasingly studied approach to get better continuous representations of audio and text content. In the present work, we use wav2vec and camemBERT as self-supervised learned models to represent our…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-19 Manon Macary , Marie Tahon , Yannick Estève , Anthony Rousseau

Discrete speech representation learning has recently attracted increasing interest in both acoustic and semantic modeling. Existing approaches typically encode 16 kHz waveforms into discrete tokens at a rate of 25 or 50 tokens per second.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Jialong Zuo , Guangyan Zhang , Minghui Fang , Shengpeng Ji , Xiaoqi Jiao , Jingyu Li , Yiwen Guo , Zhou Zhao

The goal of voice conversion is to transform source speech into a target voice, keeping the content unchanged. In this paper, we focus on self-supervised representation learning for voice conversion. Specifically, we compare discrete and…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-06-09 Benjamin van Niekerk , Marc-André Carbonneau , Julian Zaïdi , Mathew Baas , Hugo Seuté , Herman Kamper

The assessment of children at risk of autism typically involves a clinician observing, taking notes, and rating children's behaviors. A machine learning model that can label adult and child audio may largely save labor in coding children's…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-06-07 Jialu Li , Mark Hasegawa-Johnson , Karrie Karahalios

In recent years BERT shows apparent advantages and great potential in natural language processing tasks. However, both training and applying BERT requires intensive time and resources for computing contextual language representations, which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-11-05 Tan Huang

Neural audio codecs discretize speech via residual vector quantization (RVQ), forming a coarse-to-fine hierarchy across quantizers. While codec models have been explored for representation learning, their discrete structure remains…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Jinyang Wu , Zihan Pan , Qiquan Zhang , Sailor Hardik Bhupendra , Soumik Mondal

Speech Emotion Recognition (SER) plays a pivotal role in enhancing human-computer interaction by enabling a deeper understanding of emotional states across a wide range of applications, contributing to more empathetic and effective…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-09-25 Amirali Soltani Tehrani , Niloufar Faridani , Ramin Toosi

Sign language processing has traditionally relied on task-specific models, limiting the potential for transfer learning across tasks. Pre-training methods for sign language have typically focused on either supervised pre-training, which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-04 Shester Gueuwou , Xiaodan Du , Greg Shakhnarovich , Karen Livescu , Alexander H. Liu

Audio deepfake detection has become a pivotal task over the last couple of years, as many recent speech synthesis and voice cloning systems generate highly realistic speech samples, thus enabling their use in malicious activities. In this…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-08-15 David Combei , Adriana Stan , Dan Oneata , Horia Cucu

We apply transfer learning to the task of phoneme segmentation and demonstrate the utility of representations learned in self-supervised pre-training for the task. Our model extends transformer-style encoders with strategically placed…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-11-04 Luke Strgar , David Harwath

Recently, discrete tokens derived from self-supervised learning (SSL) models via k-means clustering have been actively studied as pseudo-text in speech language models and as efficient intermediate representations for various tasks.…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-08-18 Kentaro Onda , Satoru Fukayama , Daisuke Saito , Nobuaki Minematsu

In this paper, we present subgraph2vec, a novel approach for learning latent representations of rooted subgraphs from large graphs inspired by recent advancements in Deep Learning and Graph Kernels. These latent representations encode…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-06-30 Annamalai Narayanan , Mahinthan Chandramohan , Lihui Chen , Yang Liu , Santhoshkumar Saminathan

Voice conversion is the task to transform voice characteristics of source speech while preserving content information. Nowadays, self-supervised representation learning models are increasingly utilized in content extraction. However, in…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-05-02 Yimin Deng , Jianzong Wang , Xulong Zhang , Ning Cheng , Jing Xiao

Despite recent advancements in deep learning technologies, Child Speech Recognition remains a challenging task. Current Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) models require substantial amounts of annotated data for training, which is scarce.…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-02-14 Rishabh Jain , Andrei Barcovschi , Mariam Yiwere , Dan Bigioi , Peter Corcoran , Horia Cucu

Benefiting from the development of deep learning, text-to-speech (TTS) techniques using clean speech have achieved significant performance improvements. The data collected from real scenes often contains noise and generally needs to be…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-09-06 Qiushi Zhu , Yu Gu , Rilin Chen , Chao Weng , Yuchen Hu , Lirong Dai , Jie Zhang
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