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An improvement of Q-learning is proposed in this paper. It is different from classic Q-learning in that the similarity between different states and actions is considered in the proposed method. During the training, a new updating mechanism…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-06-03 Wei Liao , Xiaohui Wei , Jizhou Lai

Existing studies indicate that momentum ideas in conventional optimization can be used to improve the performance of Q-learning algorithms. However, the finite-sample analysis for momentum-based Q-learning algorithms is only available for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-31 Bowen Weng , Huaqing Xiong , Lin Zhao , Yingbin Liang , Wei Zhang

$Q$-learning is one of the most fundamental reinforcement learning algorithms. It is widely believed that $Q$-learning with linear function approximation (i.e., linear $Q$-learning) suffers from possible divergence until the recent work…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Xinyu Liu , Zixuan Xie , Shangtong Zhang

Q-learning is a widely used algorithm in reinforcement learning (RL), but its convergence can be slow, especially when the discount factor is close to one. Successive Over-Relaxation (SOR) Q-learning, which introduces a relaxation factor to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Shreyas S R

It is well known that the extension of Watkins' algorithm to general function approximation settings is challenging: does the projected Bellman equation have a solution? If so, is the solution useful in the sense of generating a good…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-08-11 Prashant G. Mehta , Sean P. Meyn

Reinforcement learning is a powerful approach for training an optimal policy to solve complex problems in a given system. This project aims to demonstrate the application of reinforcement learning in stochastic process environments with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-08 Kuangheng He

Designing a stabilizing controller for nonlinear systems is a challenging task, especially for high-dimensional problems with unknown dynamics. Traditional reinforcement learning algorithms applied to stabilization tasks tend to drive the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-16 Thanin Quartz , Ruikun Zhou , Hans De Sterck , Jun Liu

Distributionally robust reinforcement learning (DRRL) focuses on designing policies that achieve good performance under model uncertainties. The goal is to maximize the worst-case long-term discounted reward, where the data for RL comes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Saptarshi Mandal , Yashaswini Murthy , R. Srikant

Stability issues with reinforcement learning methods persist. To better understand some of these stability and convergence issues involving deep reinforcement learning methods, we examine a simple linear quadratic example. We interpret the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-03 Lingyi Yang

We study reinforcement learning methods with linear function approximation under non-Markov state and cost processes. We first consider the policy evaluation method and show that the algorithm converges under suitable ergodicity conditions…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Ali Devran Kara

We propose Q-learning with Adjoint Matching (QAM), a novel TD-based reinforcement learning (RL) algorithm that tackles a long-standing challenge in continuous-action RL: efficient optimization of an expressive diffusion or flow-matching…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Qiyang Li , Sergey Levine

Training a neural network using backpropagation algorithm requires passing error gradients sequentially through the network. The backward locking prevents us from updating network layers in parallel and fully leveraging the computing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-30 Zhouyuan Huo , Bin Gu , Heng Huang

Recursive Neural Networks are non-linear adaptive models that are able to learn deep structured information. However, these models have not yet been broadly accepted. This fact is mainly due to its inherent complexity. In particular, not…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2009-11-18 Alejandro Chinea

The paper introduces the first formulation of convex Q-learning for Markov decision processes with function approximation. The algorithms and theory rest on a relaxation of a dual of Manne's celebrated linear programming characterization of…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-09-12 Fan Lu , Sean Meyn

Function regression/approximation is a fundamental application of machine learning. Neural networks (NNs) can be easily trained for function regression using a sufficient number of neurons and epochs. The forward-forward learning algorithm…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Shivam Padmani , Akshay Joshi

The performance of a reinforcement learning (RL) system depends on the computational architecture used to approximate a value function. Deep learning methods provide both optimization techniques and architectures for approximating nonlinear…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-21 John D. Martin , Joseph Modayil

In this paper, we consider reinforcement learning of nonlinear systems with continuous state and action spaces. We present an episodic learning algorithm, where we for each episode use convex optimization to find a two-layer neural network…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-06-25 Ather Gattami

Reinforcement learning algorithms such as Q-learning have shown great promise in training models to learn the optimal action to take for a given system state; a goal in applications with an exploratory or adversarial nature such as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-08 Xusen Yin , Jonathan May

In this paper, we present a brief survey of Reinforcement Learning (RL), with particular emphasis on Stochastic Approximation (SA) as a unifying theme. The scope of the paper includes Markov Reward Processes, Markov Decision Processes,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-04 Mathukumalli Vidyasagar

This paper develops a novel control-theoretic framework to analyze the non-asymptotic convergence of Q-learning. We show that the dynamics of asynchronous Q-learning with a constant step-size can be naturally formulated as a discrete-time…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-08-23 Donghwan Lee , Jianghai Hu , Niao He