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Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) has become the de facto standard for training legged robots, thanks to its robustness and scalability in massively parallel simulation environments like IsaacLab. However, its on-policy nature makes it…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Gianluca Sabatini , Chenhao Li , Marco Hutter

We propose two policy gradient algorithms for solving the problem of control in an off-policy reinforcement learning (RL) context. Both algorithms incorporate a smoothed functional (SF) based gradient estimation scheme. The first algorithm…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Nithia Vijayan , Prashanth L. A

Deep neuroevolution and deep reinforcement learning (deep RL) algorithms are two popular approaches to policy search. The former is widely applicable and rather stable, but suffers from low sample efficiency. By contrast, the latter is more…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-02-12 Aloïs Pourchot , Olivier Sigaud

We propose a novel policy gradient method for multi-agent reinforcement learning, which leverages two different variance-reduction techniques and does not require large batches over iterations. Specifically, we propose a momentum-based…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-07 Zhanhong Jiang , Xian Yeow Lee , Sin Yong Tan , Kai Liang Tan , Aditya Balu , Young M. Lee , Chinmay Hegde , Soumik Sarkar

We propose FACtored Multi-Agent Centralised policy gradients (FACMAC), a new method for cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning in both discrete and continuous action spaces. Like MADDPG, a popular multi-agent actor-critic method,…

MADDPG is an algorithm in multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) that extends the popular single-agent method, DDPG, to multi-agent scenarios. Importantly, DDPG is an algorithm designed for continuous action spaces, where the gradient of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-16 Callum Rhys Tilbury , Filippos Christianos , Stefano V. Albrecht

Deterministic policy gradient (DPG) is widely utilized for continuous control; however, it inherently relies on the differentiability of the critic with respect to the action during policy updates. This assumption is violated in practical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Hyunjun Na , Donghwan Lee

The symmetry of dynamical systems can be exploited for state-transition prediction and to facilitate control policy optimization. This paper leverages system symmetry to develop sample-efficient offline reinforcement learning (RL)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Yifei Li , Erik-Jan van Kampen

Policy gradient (PG) algorithms have been widely used in reinforcement learning (RL). However, PG algorithms rely on exploiting the value function being learned with the first-order update locally, which results in limited sample…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-06 Hao Sun , Ziping Xu , Yuhang Song , Meng Fang , Jiechao Xiong , Bo Dai , Bolei Zhou

What are the limits of controlling language models via synthetic training data? We develop a reinforcement learning (RL) primitive, the Dataset Policy Gradient (DPG), which can precisely optimize synthetic data generators to produce a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Tristan Thrush , Sung Min Park , Herman Brunborg , Luke Bailey , Marcel Roed , Neil Band , Christopher Potts , Tatsunori Hashimoto

Actor-critic (AC) algorithms are known for their efficacy and high performance in solving reinforcement learning problems, but they also suffer from low sampling efficiency. An AC based policy optimization process is iterative and needs to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-02 Chayan Banerjee , Zhiyong Chen , Nasimul Noman , Mohsen Zamani

Actor-Critic based approaches were among the first to address reinforcement learning in a general setting. Recently, these algorithms have gained renewed interest due to their generality, good convergence properties, and possible biological…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2009-09-17 D. Di Castro , R. Meir

Neural Network based approximations of the Value function make up the core of leading Policy Based methods such as Trust Regional Policy Optimization (TRPO) and Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO). While this adds significant value when…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-03 Hari Srikanth

We consider the setting where a master wants to run a distributed stochastic gradient descent (SGD) algorithm on $n$ workers each having a subset of the data. Distributed SGD may suffer from the effect of stragglers, i.e., slow or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-18 Serge Kas Hanna , Rawad Bitar , Parimal Parag , Venkat Dasari , Salim El Rouayheb

Policy gradient algorithms typically combine discounted future rewards with an estimated value function, to compute the direction and magnitude of parameter updates. However, for most Reinforcement Learning tasks, humans can provide…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-04-09 Ishan Durugkar , Matthew Hausknecht , Adith Swaminathan , Patrick MacAlpine

Model stealing (MS) involves querying and observing the output of a machine learning model to steal its capabilities. The quality of queried data is crucial, yet obtaining a large amount of real data for MS is often challenging. Recent…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-28 Yunlong Zhao , Xiaoheng Deng , Yijing Liu , Xinjun Pei , Jiazhi Xia , Wei Chen

We discuss the problem of decentralized multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) in this work. In our setting, the global state, action, and reward are assumed to be fully observable, while the local policy is protected as privacy by each…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2021-11-02 Kuo Li , Qing-Shan Jia

Agent skills provide a lightweight way to adapt LLM agents to specialized domains by storing reusable procedural knowledge in structured files. However, whether downloaded from third parties or self-generated, these skills are often…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Hanyu Wang , Yifan Lan , Bochuan Cao , Lu Lin , Jinghui Chen

This paper develops a policy learning method for tuning a pre-trained policy to adapt to additional tasks without altering the original task. A method named Adaptive Policy Gradient (APG) is proposed in this paper, which combines Bellman's…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Wenjian Hao , Zehui Lu , Zihao Liang , Tianyu Zhou , Shaoshuai Mou

Despite their success, policy gradient methods suffer from high variance of the gradient estimate, which can result in unsatisfactory sample complexity. Recently, numerous variance-reduced extensions of policy gradient methods with provably…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-02 Matilde Gargiani , Andrea Zanelli , Andrea Martinelli , Tyler Summers , John Lygeros