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We study very simple sorting algorithms based on a probabilistic comparator model. In our model, errors in comparing two elements are due to (1) the energy or effort put in the comparison and (2) the difference between the compared…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2018-05-16 Barbara Geissmann , Paolo Penna

The classical comparison-based sorting problem asks us to find the underlying total order of a given set of elements, where we can only access the elements via comparisons. In this paper, we study a restricted version, where, as a hint, a…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-07-21 Benjamin Aram Berendsohn

This paper studies new properties of the front and back ends of a sorting network, and illustrates the utility of these in the search for new bounds on optimal sorting networks. Search focuses first on the "outsides" of the network and then…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2017-08-09 Michael Codish , Luís Cruz-Filipe , Thorsten Ehlers , Mike Müller , Peter Schneider-Kamp

We consider the problem of sorting $n$ items, given the outcomes of $m$ pre-existing comparisons. We present a simple and natural deterministic algorithm that runs in $O(m + \log T)$ time and does $O(\log T)$ comparisons, where $T$ is the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Bernhard Haeupler , Richard Hladík , John Iacono , Vaclav Rozhon , Robert Tarjan , Jakub Tětek

We consider the sorted top-$k$ problem whose goal is to recover the top-$k$ items with the correct order out of $n$ items using pairwise comparisons. In many applications, multiple rounds of interaction can be costly. We restrict our…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2019-06-13 Mark Braverman , Jieming Mao , Yuval Peres

We present a first-order theorem proving framework for establishing the correctness of functional programs implementing sorting algorithms with recursive data structures. We formalize the semantics of recursive programs in many-sorted…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2024-03-07 Pamina Georgiou , Márton Hajdu , Laura Kovács

Motivated by the development of computer theory, the sorting algorithm is emerging in an endless stream. Inspired by decrease and conquer method, we propose a brand new sorting algorithmUltimately Heapsort. The algorithm consists of two…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2019-02-04 Feiyang Chen , Nan Chen , Hanyang Mao , Hanlin Hu

We prove a "decomposition lemma" that allows us to count preimages of certain sets of permutations under West's stack-sorting map $s$. As a first application, we give a new proof of Zeilberger's formula for the number of 2-stack-sortable…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-01-09 Colin Defant

A random $n$-permutation may be generated by sequentially removing random cards $C_1,...,C_n$ from an $n$-card deck $D = \{1,...,n\}$. The permutation $\sigma$ is simply the sequence of cards in the order they are removed. This permutation…

Probability · Mathematics 2014-06-17 Nicholas F. Travers

A complete set of filters $F_n$ for the optimal-depth $n$-input sorting network problem is such that if there exists an $n$-input sorting network of depth $d$ then there exists one of the form $C \oplus C'$ for some $C \in F_n$. Previous…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2015-03-13 Martin Marinov , David Gregg

Topological sorting is an important technique in numerous practical applications, such as information retrieval, recommender systems, optimization, etc. In this paper, we introduce a problem of generalized topological sorting with…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-01-21 Jean Ruppert , Marharyta Aleksandrova , Thomas Engel

Sorting algorithms are fundamental to computer science, and their correctness criteria are well understood as rearranging elements of a list according to a specified total order on the underlying set of elements. As mathematical functions,…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Vikraman Choudhury , Wind Wong

We consider the problem of minimizing a differentiable function with locally Lipschitz continuous gradient on a stratified set and present a first-order algorithm designed to find a stationary point of that problem. Our assumptions on the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-03-29 Guillaume Olikier , Kyle A. Gallivan , P. -A. Absil

We prove a lower and an upper bound on the number of block moves necessary to sort a permutation. We put our results in contrast with existing results on sorting by block transpositions, and raise some open questions.

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2008-06-18 Miklos Bona , Ryan Flynn

One of the fundamental problem in the theory of sorting is to find the pessimistic number of comparisons sufficient to sort a given number of elements. Currently 16 is the lowest number of elements for which we do not know the exact value.…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2015-03-17 Marcin Peczarski

In an exercise in the first volume of his famous series of books, Knuth considered sorting permutations by passing them through a stack. Many variations of this exercise have since been considered, including allowing multiple passes through…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-04-04 Anders Claesson , Bjarki Ágúst Guðmundsson

Graded posets frequently arise throughout combinatorics, where it is natural to try to count the number of elements of a fixed rank. These counting problems are often $\#\textbf{P}$-complete, so we consider approximation algorithms for…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2023-04-11 Prateek Bhakta , Ben Cousins , Matthew Fahrbach , Dana Randall

While modern general-purpose computing systems have ample amounts of memory, it is still the case that embedded computer systems, such as in a refrigerator, are memory limited; hence, such embedded systems motivate the need for strictly…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Ofek Gila , Michael T. Goodrich , Vinesh Sridhar

This paper aims to better understand the strengths and limitations of adopting learned-based approaches in sequential sorting numerical data, via two main research steps. First, we study different learned models for distribution-based…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-07-03 Paolo Ferragina , Mattia Odorisio

In this work, we consider a restricted case of the well studied Sorting by Block Interchanges problem. We put an upper bound k on the length of the blocks (substrings) to be interchanged at each step. We call the problem Sorting by k-Block…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2011-10-06 Swapnoneel Roy