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Mapping the unresolved intensity of the 21-cm emission of neutral hydrogen (HI) is now regarded as one the most promising tools for cosmological investigation in the coming decades. Here, we investigate, for the first time, extensions of…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2021-02-05 Stefano Camera , Hamsa Padmanabhan

Intensity mapping has been attracting increasing interest as a way to study galaxy evolution and the large scale structure of the Universe. Instead of detecting individual galaxies, we measure the integrated emission from a volume of the…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2019-11-13 José Fonseca

One of the next decade's most exciting prospects is to explore the cosmic "dark ages," during which the first stars in the Universe formed, with the 21 cm line of neutral hydrogen. At z>6, this light redshifts into the low-frequency radio…

Understanding dark energy requires precision measurements of the expansion history of the universe and the growth of large-scale structure. The 21 cm intensity mapping (21 cm IM) technique enables rapid large-area surveys that can deliver…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-11-25 Jun-Da Pan , Yichao Li , Guo-Hong Du , Tian-Nuo Li , Xin Zhang

In this paper, we study lensing of 21cm intensity mapping (IM). Like in the cosmic microwave background (CMB), there is no first order lensing in intensity mapping. The first effects in the power spectrum are therefore of second and third…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2019-01-16 Mona Jalilvand , Elisabetta Majerotto , Ruth Durrer , Martin Kunz

The 21cm line refers to a forbidden transition in neutral hydrogen associated with alignment of spins of the proton and electron. It is a very low energy transition that is emitted whenever there is neutral hydrogen in the Universe. Since…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2022-04-12 Adrian Liu , Laura Newburgh , Benjamin Saliwanchik , Anže Slosar

Efforts are underway to measure the global 21 cm signal from neutral hydrogen, which is a powerful probe of the early universe, using NASA radio telescopes on the far side of the Moon. Physics-based models of the signal are computationally…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-09-03 J. Dorigo Jones , J. O. Burns , D. Rapetti , Shah Mohammad Bahauddin , B. Reyes , D. W. Barker

In this chapter, the use of machine learning (ML) in redshifted 21 cm cosmology is discussed, especially for the cosmic dawn, the Epoch of Reionization, and the scientific program of SKA-Low. The 21 cm signal is useful because it can…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2026-05-18 Hayato Shimabukuro

The future of precision cosmology could benefit from cross-correlations between intensity maps of unresolved neutral hydrogen (HI) and more conventional optical galaxy surveys. A major challenge that needs to be overcome is removing the…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2019-07-17 Steven Cunnington , Laura Wolz , Alkistis Pourtsidou , David Bacon

Using the 21 cm intensity mapping (IM) technique can efficiently perform large-scale neutral hydrogen surveys, and this method has great potential for measuring dark-energy parameters. Some 21 cm IM experiments aiming at measuring dark…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2022-01-31 Peng-Ju Wu , Xin Zhang

We investigate the prospect of constraining scalar field dark energy models using HI 21-cm intensity mapping surveys. We consider a wide class of coupled scalar field dark energy models whose predictions about the background cosmological…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2016-09-21 Azam Hussain , Shruti Thakur , Tapomoy Guha Sarkar , Anjan A Sen

Observations of the redshifted 21-cm line during the Epoch of Reionization will open a new window to probe the intergalactic medium during the formation of the first stars, galaxies, and black holes. A particularly promising route to an…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-10-10 Kai-Feng Chen , Meredith Neyer , Jacqueline N. Hewitt , Aaron Smith , Mark Vogelsberger

The epoch of reionization (EoR), marking the Universe's transition from a neutral to ionized state, represents a pivotal phase for understanding the formation of the first stars and galaxies. Intensity mapping of atomic and molecular lines,…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2025-12-17 Anirban Roy , Anthony Pullen , Patrick C. Breysse , Rachel S. Somerville

Large scale filaments, with lengths that can reach tens of Mpc, are the most prominent features in the cosmic web. These filaments have only been observed indirectly through the positions of galaxies in large galaxy surveys or through…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2018-11-07 Robin Kooistra , Marta B. Silva , Saleem Zaroubi

Line intensity mapping (LIM) serves as a potent probe in astrophysics, relying on the statistical analysis of integrated spectral line emissions originating from distant star-forming galaxies. While LIM observations hold the promise of…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2024-06-25 Anirban Roy , Nicholas Battaglia

This paper describes a programme to map large-scale cosmic structures on the largest possible scales by using the Five hundred metre Aperture Spherical Telescope (FAST) to make a 21 cm (red-shifted) intensity map of the sky for the range…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2017-01-25 George F. Smoot , Ivan Debono

The redshifted 21 cm line, arising from neutral hydrogen, offers a unique probe into the intergalactic medium and the first stars and galaxies formed in the early universe. However, detecting this signal is a challenging task because of…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2025-10-09 Shijie Sun , Jiaqin Xu , Minquan Zhou , Shenzhe Xu , Fengquan Wu , Haoran Zhang , Juyong Zhang , Bin Ma , Zhaohui Shang , Xuelei Chen

The 21cm line of neutral hydrogen is a powerful probe of the high-redshift universe (Cosmic Dawn and the Epoch of Reionization), with an unprecedented potential to inform us about key processes of early galaxy formation, the first stars and…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2024-06-05 Steven G. Murray , Jonathan Pober , Matthew Kolopanis

I review the potential for observing cosmic reionization using the HI 21cm line of neutral hydrogren. Studies include observations of the evolution of large scale structure of the IGM (density, excitation temperature, and neutral fraction),…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-13 C. L. Carilli

New low frequency radio telescopes currently being built open up the possibility of observing the 21-cm radiation before the Epoch of Reionization in the future, in particular at redshifts 200 > z > 30, also known as the dark ages. At these…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2010-01-03 Rishi Khatri , Benjamin D. Wandelt
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