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Recently, neural networks have been widely applied in the power system area. They can be used for better predicting input information and modeling system performance with increased accuracy. In some applications such as battery degradation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Cunzhi Zhao , Fan Jiang , Xingpeng Li

ReLU (rectified linear units) neural network has received significant attention since its emergence. In this paper, a univariate ReLU (UReLU) neural network is proposed to both modelling the nonlinear dynamic system and revealing insights…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-03-06 Xinglong Liang , Jun Xu

We derive upper bounds on the complexity of ReLU neural networks approximating the solution of a linear system given the matrix and the right-hand side. We focus on matrices which are symmetric positive definite and sparse, as they appear…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-03-20 Benjamin Dörich , Roland Maier , Lukas Ullmer

We study the least-square regression problem with a two-layer fully-connected neural network, with ReLU activation function, trained by gradient flow. Our first result is a generalization result, that requires no assumptions on the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Junhyung Park , Patrick Bloebaum , Shiva Prasad Kasiviswanathan

Activation functions have been shown to affect the performance of deep neural networks significantly. While the Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU) remains the dominant choice in practice, the optimal activation function for deep neural networks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-29 John Chidiac , Danielle Azar

Deep ReLU Networks can be decomposed into a collection of linear models, each defined in a region of a partition of the input space. This paper provides three results extending this theory. First, we extend this linear decompositions to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-17 Mattia Jacopo Villani , Peter McBurney

Motivated by the human way of memorizing images we introduce their functional representation, where an image is represented by a neural network. For this purpose, we construct a hypernetwork which takes an image and returns weights to the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-26 Sylwester Klocek , Łukasz Maziarka , Maciej Wołczyk , Jacek Tabor , Jakub Nowak , Marek Śmieja

We generalize the classical universal approximation theorem for neural networks to the case of complex-valued neural networks. Precisely, we consider feedforward networks with a complex activation function $\sigma : \mathbb{C} \to…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2022-12-13 Felix Voigtlaender

Researchers have proposed various activation functions. These activation functions help the deep network to learn non-linear behavior with a significant effect on training dynamics and task performance. The performance of these activations…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-01-07 Pravendra Singh , Munender Varshney , Vinay P. Namboodiri

The goal of a recommendation system is to predict the interest of a user in a given item by exploiting the existing set of ratings as well as certain user/item features. A standard approach to modeling this problem is Inductive Matrix…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-05-29 Kai Zhong , Zhao Song , Prateek Jain , Inderjit S. Dhillon

In this work, we show that neural networks can be represented via the mathematical theory of quiver representations. More specifically, we prove that a neural network is a quiver representation with activation functions, a mathematical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-24 Marco Antonio Armenta , Pierre-Marc Jodoin

We propose a novel Shapley value approach to help address neural networks' interpretability and "vanishing gradient" problems. Our method is based on an accurate analytical approximation to the Shapley value of a neuron with ReLU…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-09-18 Yadong Li , Xin Cui

Implicit Neural Representation (INR), leveraging a neural network to transform coordinate input into corresponding attributes, has recently driven significant advances in several vision-related domains. However, the performance of INR is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Moein Heidari , Reza Rezaeian , Reza Azad , Dorit Merhof , Hamid Soltanian-Zadeh , Ilker Hacihaliloglu

We derive upper bounds on the complexity of ReLU neural networks approximating the solution maps of parametric partial differential equations. In particular, without any knowledge of its concrete shape, we use the inherent…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2020-05-15 Gitta Kutyniok , Philipp Petersen , Mones Raslan , Reinhold Schneider

The activation functions are fundamental to neural networks as they introduce non-linearity into data relationships, thereby enabling deep networks to approximate complex data relations. Existing efforts to enhance neural network…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-26 Jiayu Li , Zilong Zhao , Kevin Yee , Uzair Javaid , Biplab Sikdar

We prove a Quantitative Functional Central Limit Theorem for one-hidden-layer neural networks with generic activation function. The rates of convergence that we establish depend heavily on the smoothness of the activation function, and they…

Probability · Mathematics 2023-07-06 Valentina Cammarota , Domenico Marinucci , Michele Salvi , Stefano Vigogna

Convex functions and their gradients play a critical role in mathematical imaging, from proximal optimization to Optimal Transport. The successes of deep learning has led many to use learning-based methods, where fixed functions or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-09 Anne Gagneux , Mathurin Massias , Emmanuel Soubies , Rémi Gribonval

In this note, we study how neural networks with a single hidden layer and ReLU activation interpolate data drawn from a radially symmetric distribution with target labels 1 at the origin and 0 outside the unit ball, if no labels are known…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-09-05 Stephan Wojtowytsch

There is a longstanding debate whether the Kolmogorov-Arnold representation theorem can explain the use of more than one hidden layer in neural networks. The Kolmogorov-Arnold representation decomposes a multivariate function into an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-05 Johannes Schmidt-Hieber

In this paper, we focus on fully connected deep neural networks utilizing the Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU) activation function for nonparametric estimation. We derive non-asymptotic bounds that lead to convergence rates, addressing both…