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Reinforcement learning based adaptive/approximate dynamic programming (ADP) is a powerful technique to determine an approximate optimal controller for a dynamical system. These methods bypass the need to analytically solve the nonlinear…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-05-24 Xuefeng Bao , Zhi-Hong Mao , Nitin Sharma

Reinforcement Learning from Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has emerged as a promising framework for enhancing the reasoning capabilities of large language models. However, existing approaches such as GRPO often suffer from zero gradients. This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Shihui Yang , Chengfeng Dou , Peidong Guo , Kai Lu , Qiang Ju , Fei Deng , Rihui Xin

Proximal policy optimization (PPO) approximates the trust region update using multiple epochs of clipped SGD. Each epoch may drift further from the natural gradient direction, creating path-dependent noise. To understand this drift, we can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Zelal Su , Mustafaoglu , Sungyoung Lee , Eshan Balachandar , Risto Miikkulainen , Keshav Pingali

While reinforcement learning has advanced the alignment of text-to-image (T2I) models, state-of-the-art policy gradient methods are still hampered by training instability and high variance, hindering convergence speed and compromising image…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Jeongjae Lee , Jong Chul Ye

Experience replay is a core ingredient of modern deep reinforcement learning, yet its benefits in policy optimization are poorly understood beyond empirical heuristics. This paper develops a novel theoretical framework for experience replay…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Hua Zheng , Wei Xie , M. Ben Feng

We revisit the stochastic variance-reduced policy gradient (SVRPG) method proposed by Papini et al. (2018) for reinforcement learning. We provide an improved convergence analysis of SVRPG and show that it can find an $\epsilon$-approximate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-30 Pan Xu , Felicia Gao , Quanquan Gu

In this note, we examine the aggregation of preferences achieved by the Group Policy Optimisation (GRPO) algorithm, a reinforcement learning method used to train advanced artificial intelligence models such as DeepSeek-R1-Zero and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-14 Milan Vojnovic , Se-Young Yun

We propose a practical integration of logical state abstraction with AIXI, a Bayesian optimality notion for reinforcement learning agents, to significantly expand the model class that AIXI agents can be approximated over to complex…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-10-14 Samuel Yang-Zhao , Tianyu Wang , Kee Siong Ng

Generative recommendation via autoregressive models has unified retrieval and ranking into a single conditional generation framework. However, fine-tuning these models with Reinforcement Learning (RL) often suffers from a fundamental…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Jie Jiang , Yangru Huang , Zeyu Wang , Changping Wang , Yuling Xiong , Jun Zhang , Huan Yu

Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) has emerged as a popular algorithm for reinforcement learning with large language models (LLMs). However, upon analyzing its clipping mechanism, we argue that it is suboptimal in certain scenarios.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Chi Liu , Xin Chen

Optimizing discrete diffusion model (DDM) with rewards remains a challenge: the non-autoregressive paradigm makes importance sampling intractable and rollout complex, puzzling reinforcement learning methods such as Group Relative Policy…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Tianren Ma , Mu Zhang , Yibing Wang , Qixiang Ye

The predominant approach in reinforcement learning is to assign credit to actions based on the expected return. However, we show that the return may depend on the policy in a way which could lead to excessive variance in value estimation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-07 Hsiao-Ru Pan , Nico Gürtler , Alexander Neitz , Bernhard Schölkopf

Pairwise matching cost aggregation is a crucial step for modern learning-based Multi-view Stereo (MVS). Prior works adopt an early aggregation scheme, which adds up pairwise costs into an intermediate cost. However, we analyze that this…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-25 Jiang Wu , Rui Li , Yu Zhu , Wenxun Zhao , Jinqiu Sun , Yanning Zhang

It is challenging for reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms to succeed in real-world applications like financial trading and logistic system due to the noisy observation and environment shifting between training and evaluation. Thus, it…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-20 Zhengyu Yang , Kan Ren , Xufang Luo , Minghuan Liu , Weiqing Liu , Jiang Bian , Weinan Zhang , Dongsheng Li

Given a finite family of functions, the goal of model selection aggregation is to construct a procedure that mimics the function from this family that is the closest to an unknown regression function. More precisely, we consider a general…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2012-12-13 Dong Dai , Philippe Rigollet , Tong Zhang

The Bayes-Adaptive Markov Decision Process (BAMDP) formalism pursues the Bayes-optimal solution to the exploration-exploitation trade-off in reinforcement learning. As the computation of exact solutions to Bayesian reinforcement-learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-01 Dilip Arumugam , Satinder Singh

In this paper we analyze judgement aggregation problems in which a group of agents independently votes on a set of complex propositions that has some interdependency constraint between them(e.g., transitivity when describing preferences).…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2013-06-20 Ilan Nehama

We study reinforcement learning in infinite-horizon average-reward settings with linear MDPs. Previous work addresses this problem by approximating the average-reward setting by discounted setting and employing a value iteration-based…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-17 Kihyuk Hong , Ambuj Tewari

Stochastic optimization lies at the core of most statistical learning models. The recent great development of stochastic algorithmic tools focused significantly onto proximal gradient iterations, in order to find an efficient approach for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-31 Andrei Patrascu , Ciprian Paduraru , Paul Irofti

We present a novel approach for designing complex approximate arithmetic circuits that trade correctness for power consumption and play important role in many energy-aware applications. Our approach integrates in a unique way formal methods…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-07-03 Milan Ceska , Jiri Matyas , Vojtech Mrazek , Lukas Sekanina , Zdenek Vasicek , Tomas Vojnar