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Detecting hate speech in memes is challenging due to their multimodal nature and subtle, culturally grounded cues such as sarcasm and context. While recent vision-language models (VLMs) enable joint reasoning over text and images,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Ivo Bueno , Lea Hirlimann , Enkelejda Kasneci

Internet memes are powerful tools for communication, capable of spreading political, psychological, and sociocultural ideas. However, they can be harmful and can be used to disseminate hate toward targeted individuals or groups. Although…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Felix Breiteneder , Mohammad Belal , Muhammad Saad Saeed , Shahed Masoudian , Usman Naseem , Kulshrestha Juhi , Markus Schedl , Shah Nawaz

Memes often merge visuals with brief text to share humor or opinions, yet some memes contain harmful messages such as hate speech. In this paper, we introduces MemeBLIP2, a light weight multimodal system that detects harmful memes by…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Jiaqi Liu , Ran Tong , Aowei Shen , Shuzheng Li , Changlin Yang , Lisha Xu

In this work, we examine hateful memes from three complementary angles - how to detect them, how to explain their content and how to intervene them prior to being posted - by applying a range of strategies built on top of generative AI…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Naquee Rizwan , Subhankar Swain , Paramananda Bhaskar , Gagan Aryan , Shehryaar Shah Khan , Animesh Mukherjee

Amidst the rise of Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) and their widespread application in generating and interpreting complex content, the risk of propagating biased and harmful memes remains significant. Current safety measures often fail to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-01 Xuanyu Su , Yansong Li , Diana Inkpen , Nathalie Japkowicz

Internet memes, now a staple of digital communication, play a pivotal role in how users engage within online communities and allow researchers to gain insight into contemporary digital culture. These engaging user-generated content are…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Muzhaffar Hazman , Susan McKeever , Josephine Griffith

The task of automatically detecting hate speech in social media is gaining more and more attention. Given the enormous volume of content posted daily, human monitoring of hate speech is unfeasible. In this work, we propose new word-level…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-02 Nicolas Zampieri , Irina Illina , Dominique Fohr

The exponential rise of social media networks has allowed the production, distribution, and consumption of data at a phenomenal rate. Moreover, the social media revolution has brought a unique phenomenon to social media platforms called…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-05-09 Sunil Gundapu , Radhika Mamidi

Online hate remains a significant societal challenge, especially as multimodal content enables subtle, culturally grounded, and implicit forms of harm. Hateful memes embed hostility through text-image interactions and humor, making them…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Sahajpreet Singh , Kokil Jaidka , Subhayan Mukerjee

Hate speech has become one of the most significant issues in modern society, having implications in both the online and the offline world. Due to this, hate speech research has recently gained a lot of traction. However, most of the work…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-09 Mithun Das , Rohit Raj , Punyajoy Saha , Binny Mathew , Manish Gupta , Animesh Mukherjee

Recently, large language models (LLMs) have taken the spotlight in natural language processing. Further, integrating LLMs with vision enables the users to explore more emergent abilities in multimodality. Visual language models (VLMs), such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-14 Minh-Hao Van , Xintao Wu

Memes are a widely popular tool for web users to express their thoughts using visual metaphors. Understanding memes requires recognizing and interpreting visual metaphors with respect to the text inside or around the meme, often while…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-24 EunJeong Hwang , Vered Shwartz

Memes are graphics and text overlapped so that together they present concepts that become dubious if one of them is absent. It is spread mostly on social media platforms, in the form of jokes, sarcasm, motivating, etc. After the success of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-05 Tariq Habib Afridi , Aftab Alam , Muhammad Numan Khan , Jawad Khan , Young-Koo Lee

Much work in the space of NLP has used computational methods to explore sociolinguistic variation in text. In this paper, we argue that memes, as multimodal forms of language comprised of visual templates and text, also exhibit meaningful…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-16 Naitian Zhou , David Jurgens , David Bamman

The goal of hate speech detection is to filter negative online content aiming at certain groups of people. Due to the easy accessibility of social media platforms it is crucial to protect everyone which requires building hate speech…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-19 Irina Bigoulaeva , Viktor Hangya , Iryna Gurevych , Alexander Fraser

Hateful memes often require compositional multimodal reasoning: the image and text may appear benign in isolation, yet their interaction conveys harmful intent. Although thinking-based multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have recently…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Mohamed Bayan Kmainasi , Mucahid Kutlu , Ali Ezzat Shahroor , Abul Hasnat , Firoj Alam

With the proliferation of social media, accurate detection of hate speech has become critical to ensure safety online. To combat nuanced forms of hate speech, it is important to identify and thoroughly explain hate speech to help users…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-23 Yongjin Yang , Joonkee Kim , Yujin Kim , Namgyu Ho , James Thorne , Se-young Yun

Hateful meme detection presents a significant challenge as a multimodal task due to the complexity of interpreting implicit hate messages and contextual cues within memes. Previous approaches have fine-tuned pre-trained vision-language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Ming Shan Hee , Roy Ka-Wei Lee

This paper delves into the formidable challenge of cross-domain generalization in multimodal hate meme detection, presenting compelling findings. We provide enough pieces of evidence supporting the hypothesis that only the textual component…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-08 Piush Aggarwal , Jawar Mehrabanian , Weigang Huang , Özge Alacam , Torsten Zesch

The dissemination of hateful memes online has adverse effects on social media platforms and the real world. Detecting hateful memes is challenging, one of the reasons being the evolutionary nature of memes; new hateful memes can emerge by…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2023-07-10 Yiting Qu , Xinlei He , Shannon Pierson , Michael Backes , Yang Zhang , Savvas Zannettou