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In this work we show that Evolution Strategies (ES) are a viable method for learning non-differentiable parameters of large supervised models. ES are black-box optimization algorithms that estimate distributions of model parameters; however…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2019-06-10 Karel Lenc , Erich Elsen , Tom Schaul , Karen Simonyan

Theoretical computation of cosmological observables is an intensive process, restricting the speed at which cosmological data can be analysed and cosmological models constrained, and therefore limiting research access to those with high…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2026-03-11 Charlie MacMahon-Gellér , C. Danielle Leonard , Philip Bull , Markus Michael Rau

There is a growing interest in the learning-to-learn paradigm, also known as meta-learning, where models infer on new tasks using a few training examples. Recently, meta-learning based methods have been widely used in few-shot…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-13 Anish Madan , Ranjitha Prasad

Recent work has suggested that a good embedding is all we need to solve many few-shot learning benchmarks. Furthermore, other work has strongly suggested that Model Agnostic Meta-Learning (MAML) also works via this same method - by learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-28 Brando Miranda , Yu-Xiong Wang , Sanmi Koyejo

Neural networks require a large amount of annotated data to learn. Meta-learning algorithms propose a way to decrease the number of training samples to only a few. One of the most prominent optimization-based meta-learning algorithms is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-14 Kostiantyn Khabarlak

Conventional extreme learning machines solve a Moore-Penrose generalized inverse of hidden layer activated matrix and analytically determine the output weights to achieve generalized performance, by assuming the same loss from different…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2016-11-15 Lei Zhang , David Zhang

Model-agnostic meta-learning (MAML) is a popular method for few-shot learning but assumes that we have access to the meta-training set. In practice, training on the meta-training set may not always be an option due to data privacy concerns,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-17 Namyeong Kwon , Hwidong Na , Gabriel Huang , Simon Lacoste-Julien

The main goal of Few-Shot learning algorithms is to enable learning from small amounts of data. One of the most popular and elegant Few-Shot learning approaches is Model-Agnostic Meta-Learning (MAML). The main idea behind this method is to…

Evolution Strategies (ES) are stochastic derivative-free optimization algorithms whose most prominent representative, the CMA-ES algorithm, is widely used to solve difficult numerical optimization problems. We provide the first rigorous…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-10-25 Cheikh Touré , Anne Auger , Nikolaus Hansen

We study a fundamental class of regression models called the second order linear model (SLM). The SLM extends the linear model to high order functional space and has attracted considerable research interest recently. Yet how to efficiently…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-06-26 Ming Lin , Shuang Qiu , Bin Hong , Jieping Ye

This tutorial introduces the CMA Evolution Strategy (ES), where CMA stands for Covariance Matrix Adaptation. The CMA-ES is a stochastic, or randomized, method for real-parameter (continuous domain) optimization of non-linear, non-convex…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-13 Nikolaus Hansen

Alignment of Large Language Models (LLMs) typically relies on Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) with gradient-based optimizers such as Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) or Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO). While…

Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolution Strategy (CMA-ES) is a highly effective optimization technique. A primary challenge when applying CMA-ES in high dimensionality is sampling from a multivariate normal distribution with an arbitrary…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Jarosław Arabas , Adam Stelmaszczyk , Eryk Warchulski , Dariusz Jagodziński , Rafał Biedrzycki

Efficiently adapting to new environments and changes in dynamics is critical for agents to successfully operate in the real world. Reinforcement learning (RL) based approaches typically rely on external reward feedback for adaptation.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-03-05 Yuxiang Yang , Ken Caluwaerts , Atil Iscen , Jie Tan , Chelsea Finn

Machine learning (ML) is increasingly applied to optimize system performance in tasks such as resource management and network simulation. Unlike traditional ML tasks (e.g., image classification), networked systems often operate in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Daiyang Yu , Xinyu Chen , Yihan Zhang , Yan Liang , Yaqi Qiao , Fan Lai

Fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) for downstream tasks is an essential stage of modern AI deployment. Reinforcement learning (RL) has emerged as the dominant fine-tuning paradigm, underpinning many state-of-the-art LLMs. In contrast,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Xin Qiu , Yulu Gan , Conor F. Hayes , Qiyao Liang , Yinggan Xu , Roberto Dailey , Elliot Meyerson , Babak Hodjat , Risto Miikkulainen

One of the biggest missing capabilities in current AI systems is the ability to learn continuously after deployment. Implementing such continually learning systems have several challenges, one of which is the large memory requirement of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Immanuel Abdi , Akshat Gupta , Micah Mok , Alexander Lu , Nicholas Lee , Gopala Anumanchipalli

As a popular meta-learning approach, the model-agnostic meta-learning (MAML) algorithm has been widely used due to its simplicity and effectiveness. However, the convergence of the general multi-step MAML still remains unexplored. In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-14 Kaiyi Ji , Junjie Yang , Yingbin Liang

Model-Agnostic Meta-Learning (MAML) is one of the most successful meta-learning techniques for few-shot learning. It uses gradient descent to learn commonalities between various tasks, enabling the model to learn the meta-initialization of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-18 Lin Ding , Peng Liu , Wenfeng Shen , Weijia Lu , Shengbo Chen

Modern machine learning uses more and more advanced optimization techniques to find optimal hyper parameters. Whenever the objective function is non-convex, non continuous and with potentially multiple local minima, standard gradient…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-02-13 Eric Benhamou , Jamal Atif , Rida Laraki