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Phishing attacks, typically carried out by email, remain a significant cybersecurity threat with attackers creating legitimate-looking websites to deceive recipients into revealing sensitive information or executing harmful actions. In this…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Wei Kang , Nan Wang , Jang Seung , Shuo Wang , Alsharif Abuadbba

In this paper we employ quantitative measurements of cognitive vulnerability triggers in phishing emails to predict the degree of success of an attack. To achieve this we rely on the cognitive psychology literature and develop an automated…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-05-30 Amber van der Heijden , Luca Allodi

Phishing is a type of social engineering attack with an intention to steal user data, including login credentials and credit card numbers, leading to financial losses for both organisations and individuals. It occurs when an attacker,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-07-02 J. Samantha Tharani , Nalin Asanka Gamagedara Arachchilage

In this paper, we evaluate the capability of large language models to conduct personalized phishing attacks and compare their performance with human experts and AI models from last year. We include four email groups with a combined total of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Fred Heiding , Simon Lermen , Andrew Kao , Bruce Schneier , Arun Vishwanath

Phishing is a kind of attack in which criminals use spoofed emails and fraudulent web sites to trick financial organization and customers. Criminals try to lure online users by convincing them to reveal the username, passwords, credit card…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2013-02-05 Ammar ALmomani , B. B. Gupta , Tat-Chee Wan , Altyeb Altaher , Selvakumar Manickam

Phishing is recognised as a serious threat to organisations and individuals. While there have been significant technical advances in blocking phishing attacks, people remain the last line of defence after phishing emails reach their email…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-02-17 Sijie Zhuo , Robert Biddle , Yun Sing Koh , Danielle Lottridge , Giovanni Russello

The threat of phishing attacks in financial systems is continuously growing. Therefore, protecting sensitive information from unauthorized access is paramount. This paper discusses the critical need for robust email phishing detection.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Novruz Amirov , Leminur Celik , Egemen Ali Caner , Emre Yurdakul , Fahri Anil Yerlikaya , Serif Bahtiyar

Smishing, or SMS-based phishing, poses an increasing threat to mobile users by mimicking legitimate communications through culturally adapted, concise, and deceptive messages, which can result in the loss of sensitive data or financial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Shaghayegh Hosseinpour , Sanchari Das

Phishing is one of the most severe cyber-attacks where researchers are interested to find a solution. In phishing, attackers lure end-users and steal their personal in-formation. To minimize the damage caused by phishing must be detected as…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-04-07 P. Kalaharsha , B. M. Mehtre

Phishing attacks represents one of the primary attack methods which is used by cyber attackers. In many cases, attackers use deceptive emails along with malicious attachments to trick users into giving away sensitive information or…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Fatemeh Nejati , Mahdi Rabbani , Morteza Eskandarian , Mansur Mirani , Gunjan Piya , Igor Opushnyev , Ali A. Ghorbani , Sajjad Dadkhah

Phishing is a form of cybercrime and a threat that allows criminals, phishers, to deceive end users in order to steal their confidential and sensitive information. Attackers usually attempt to manipulate the psychology and emotions of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-09-23 Mousa Jari

Phishing is an online identity theft technique where attackers steal users personal information, leading to financial losses for individuals and organizations. With the increasing adoption of smartphones, which provide functionalities…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-03 Diksha Goel

In today's digital world, cybercrime is responsible for significant damage to organizations, including financial losses, operational disruptions, or intellectual property theft. Cyberattacks often start with an email, the major means of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-09-26 Sarah Wassermann , Maxime Meyer , Sébastien Goutal , Damien Riquet

Email phishing is one of the most prevalent and globally consequential vectors of cyber intrusion. As systems increasingly deploy Large Language Models (LLMs) applications, these systems face evolving phishing email threats that exploit…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Najmul Hasan , Prashanth BusiReddyGari , Haitao Zhao , Yihao Ren , Jinsheng Xu , Shaohu Zhang

Spear phishing is a deceptive attack that uses social engineering to obtain confidential information through targeted victimization. It is distinguished by its use of social cues and personalized information to target specific victims.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-07-09 Ploy Unchit , Sanchari Das , Andrew Kim , L. Jean Camp

Research shows that phishing emails often utilize persuasion techniques, such as social proof, liking, consistency, authority, scarcity, and reciprocity to gain trust to obtain sensitive information or maliciously infect devices. The link…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-25 Kalam Khadka , Abu Barkat Ullah , Wanli Ma , Elisa Martinez Marroquin

Phishing is a well-known cybersecurity attack that has rapidly increased in recent years. It poses legitimate risks to businesses, government agencies, and all users due to sensitive data breaches, subsequent financial and productivity…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-08-19 Sanchari Das , Andrew Kim , Zachary Tingle , Christena Nippert-Eng

Identifying deceptive content like phishing emails demands sophisticated cognitive processes that combine pattern recognition, confidence assessment, and contextual analysis. This research examines how human cognition and machine learning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Paras Jain , Khushi Dhar , Olyemi E. Amujo , Esa M. Rantanen

Phishing attacks have become the most used technique in the online scams, initiating more than 91% of cyberattacks, from 2012 onwards. This study reviews how Phishing and Spear Phishing attacks are carried out by the phishers, through 5…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-06-02 Alessandro Ecclesie Agazzi

Phishing email is a serious cyber threat that tries to deceive users by sending false emails with the intention of stealing confidential information or causing financial harm. Attackers, often posing as trustworthy entities, exploit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Mohammad Amaz Uddin , Md Mahiuddin , Iqbal H. Sarker