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Visual representation learning is ubiquitous in various real-world applications, including visual comprehension, video understanding, multi-modal analysis, human-computer interaction, and urban computing. Due to the emergence of huge…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-23 Yang Liu , Yushen Wei , Hong Yan , Guanbin Li , Liang Lin

We study the problem of observational causal inference with continuous treatments in the framework of inverse propensity-score weighting. To obtain stable weights, we design a new algorithm based on entropy balancing that learns weights to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-12 Mohammad Taha Bahadori , Eric Tchetgen Tchetgen , David E. Heckerman

When developing a clinical prediction model, the sample size of the development dataset is a key consideration. Small sample sizes lead to greater concerns of overfitting, instability, poor performance and lack of fairness. Previous…

Machine Learning explainability techniques have been proposed as a means of `explaining' or interrogating a model in order to understand why a particular decision or prediction has been made. Such an ability is especially important at a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-02-28 Matthew J. Vowels

Given a sequence of observable variables $\{(x_1, y_1), \ldots, (x_n, y_n)\}$, the conformal prediction method estimates a confidence set for $y_{n+1}$ given $x_{n+1}$ that is valid for any finite sample size by merely assuming that the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-12 Etash Kumar Guha , Eugene Ndiaye , Xiaoming Huo

Matching is an important tool in causal inference. The method provides a conceptually straightforward way to make groups of units comparable on observed characteristics. The use of the method is, however, limited to situations where the…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-06-18 Fredrik Sävje , Michael J. Higgins , Jasjeet S. Sekhon

We consider the task of forecasting an infinite sequence of future observations based on some number of past observations, where the probability measure generating the observations is "suspected" to satisfy one or more of a set of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-17 Vanessa Kosoy

Causality is a fundamental part of the scientific endeavour to understand the world. Unfortunately, causality is still taboo in much of psychology and social science. Motivated by a growing number of recommendations for the importance of…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-06-27 Matthew J. Vowels

We propose a Bayesian nonparametric (BNP) approach to causal inference using observational data consisting of outcome, treatment, and a set of confounders. The conditional distribution of the outcome given treatment and confounders is…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-12-01 Yongseok Hur , Joonhyuk Jung , Juhee Lee

The concept of Probability of Causation (PC) is critically important in legal contexts and can help in many other domains. While it has been around since 1986, current operationalizations can obtain only the minimum and maximum values of…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-08-14 Tapajit Dey , Audris Mockus

Language models are increasingly being used in important decision pipelines, so ensuring the correctness of their outputs is crucial. Recent work has proposed evaluating the "factuality" of claims decomposed from a language model generation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Maxon Rubin-Toles , Maya Gambhir , Keshav Ramji , Aaron Roth , Surbhi Goel

The aim in many sciences is to understand the mechanisms that underlie the observed distribution of variables, starting from a set of initial hypotheses. Causal discovery allows us to infer mechanisms as sets of cause and effect…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Ashka Shah , Adela DePavia , Nathaniel Hudson , Ian Foster , Rick Stevens

Discovery of an accurate causal Bayesian network structure from observational data can be useful in many areas of science. Often the discoveries are made under uncertainty, which can be expressed as probabilities. To guide the use of such…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-12-27 Fattaneh Jabbari , Mahdi Pakdaman Naeini , Gregory F. Cooper

We introduce an approach which allows detecting causal relationships between variables for which the time evolution is available. Causality is assessed by a variational scheme based on the Information Imbalance of distance ranks, a…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-05-07 Vittorio Del Tatto , Gianfranco Fortunato , Domenica Bueti , Alessandro Laio

Conformal prediction gives exact finite-sample coverage guarantees under exchangeability, but deployed systems are judged by more than coverage alone. For a fixed calibrated rule reused over a finite operational window, stakeholders also…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-12 Petrus H. Zwart

Causal probing aims to analyze foundation models by examining how intervening on their representation of various latent properties impacts their outputs. Recent works have cast doubt on the theoretical basis of several leading causal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Marc Canby , Adam Davies , Chirag Rastogi , Julia Hockenmaier

Causal effect estimation from observational data is an important and much studied research topic. The instrumental variable (IV) and local causal discovery (LCD) patterns are canonical examples of settings where a closed-form expression…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-09-19 Ioan Gabriel Bucur , Tom Claassen , Tom Heskes

Causal decomposition analyses can help build the evidence base for interventions that address health disparities (inequities). They ask how disparities in outcomes may change under hypothetical intervention. Through study design and…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-09-17 John W. Jackson

Dual decomposition provides a tractable framework for designing algorithms for finding the most probable (MAP) configuration in graphical models. However, for many real-world inference problems, the typical decomposition has a large…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2012-10-19 David Sontag , Do Kook Choe , Yitao Li

Causal discovery is the subfield of causal inference concerned with estimating the structure of cause-and-effect relationships in a system of interrelated variables, as opposed to quantifying the strength or describing the form of causal…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-26 Rebecca F. Supple , Hannah Worthington , Ben Swallow