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One of the arguments to explain the success of deep learning is the powerful approximation capacity of deep neural networks. Such capacity is generally accompanied by the explosive growth of the number of parameters, which, in turn, leads…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-15 Zuowei Shen , Haizhao Yang , Shijun Zhang

This paper studies the problem of training a two-layer ReLU network for binary classification using gradient flow with small initialization. We consider a training dataset with well-separated input vectors: Any pair of input data with the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-26 Hancheng Min , Enrique Mallada , René Vidal

In this work, we study the nonlinear dynamics of a shallow neural network trained with mean-squared loss and leaky ReLU activation. Under Gaussian inputs and equal layer width k, (1) we establish, based on the equivariant gradient degree, a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-10-30 Jingzhou Liu

Despite a great deal of research, it is still unclear why neural networks are so susceptible to adversarial examples. In this work, we identify natural settings where depth-$2$ ReLU networks trained with gradient flow are provably…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-05 Gal Vardi , Gilad Yehudai , Ohad Shamir

Over-parameterized neural networks generalize well in practice without any explicit regularization. Although it has not been proven yet, empirical evidence suggests that implicit regularization plays a crucial role in deep learning and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-03-07 Masayoshi Kubo , Ryotaro Banno , Hidetaka Manabe , Masataka Minoji

Solving non-convex, NP-hard optimization problems is crucial for training machine learning models, including neural networks. However, non-convexity often leads to black-box machine learning models with unclear inner workings. While convex…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Karthik Prakhya , Tolga Birdal , Alp Yurtsever

Theoretical analyses of Empirical Risk Minimization (ERM) are standardly framed within the Real-RAM model of computation. In this setting, training even simple neural networks is known to be $\exists \mathbb{R}$-complete -- a complexity…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Ilan Doron-Arad , Elchanan Mossel

It is commonly recognized that the expressiveness of deep neural networks is contingent upon a range of factors, encompassing their depth, width, and other relevant considerations. Currently, the practical performance of the majority of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-08 Xuan Qi , Yi Wei

Artificial neural networks are functions depending on a finite number of parameters typically encoded as weights and biases. The identification of the parameters of the network from finite samples of input-output pairs is often referred to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-10 Massimo Fornasier , Timo Klock , Marco Mondelli , Michael Rauchensteiner

We draw connections between simple neural networks and under-determined linear systems to comprehensively explore several interesting theoretical questions in the study of neural networks. First, we emphatically show that it is unsurprising…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2020-11-02 Austin R. Benson , Anil Damle , Alex Townsend

Understanding the relationship between the depth of a neural network and its representational capacity is a central problem in deep learning theory. In this work, we develop a geometric framework to analyze the expressivity of ReLU networks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Juan L. Valerdi

In this short note we consider random fully connected ReLU networks of width $n$ and depth $L$ equipped with a mean-field weight initialization. Our purpose is to study the dependence on $n$ and $L$ of the maximal update ($\mu$P) learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-16 Samy Jelassi , Boris Hanin , Ziwei Ji , Sashank J. Reddi , Srinadh Bhojanapalli , Sanjiv Kumar

Motivated by the recent empirical successes of deep generative models, we study the computational complexity of the following unsupervised learning problem. For an unknown neural network $F:\mathbb{R}^d\to\mathbb{R}^{d'}$, let $D$ be the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-01 Sitan Chen , Jerry Li , Yuanzhi Li

Understanding how deep neural networks learn useful internal representations from data remains a central open problem in the theory of deep learning. We introduce Neural Low-Degree Filtering (Neural LoFi), a stylized limit of gradient-based…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Yatin Dandi , Matteo Vilucchio , Luca Arnaboldi , Hugo Tabanelli , Florent Krzakala

We consider the problem of finding a two-layer neural network with sigmoid, rectified linear unit (ReLU), or binary step activation functions that "fits" a training data set as accurately as possible as quantified by the training error; and…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-04-06 David Gamarnik , Eren C. Kızıldağ , Ilias Zadik

The practice of deep learning has shown that neural networks generalize remarkably well even with an extreme number of learned parameters. This appears to contradict traditional statistical wisdom, in which a trade-off between model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-21 Yifei Wang , Yixuan Hua , Emmanuel Candés , Mert Pilanci

Empirical studies show that gradient-based methods can learn deep neural networks (DNNs) with very good generalization performance in the over-parameterization regime, where DNNs can easily fit a random labeling of the training data. Very…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-28 Yuan Cao , Quanquan Gu

Neuron death is a complex phenomenon with implications for model trainability: the deeper the network, the lower the probability of finding a valid initialization. In this work, we derive both upper and lower bounds on the probability that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-14 Blaine Rister , Daniel L. Rubin

One crucial factor behind the success of deep learning lies in the implicit bias induced by noise inherent in gradient-based training algorithms. Motivated by empirical observations that training with noisy labels improves model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Tongcheng Zhang , Zhanpeng Zhou , Mingze Wang , Andi Han , Wei Huang , Taiji Suzuki , Junchi Yan

Understanding the fundamental principles behind the success of deep neural networks is one of the most important open questions in the current literature. To this end, we study the training problem of deep neural networks and introduce an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-27 Tolga Ergen , Mert Pilanci