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To date, efforts in the code-switching literature have focused for the most part on language identification, POS, NER, and syntactic parsing. In this paper, we address machine translation for code-switched social media data. We create a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-02-22 Shuguang Chen , Gustavo Aguilar , Anirudh Srinivasan , Mona Diab , Thamar Solorio

In the third shared task of the Computational Approaches to Linguistic Code-Switching (CALCS) workshop, we focus on Named Entity Recognition (NER) on code-switched social-media data. We divide the shared task into two competitions based on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-11 Gustavo Aguilar , Fahad AlGhamdi , Victor Soto , Mona Diab , Julia Hirschberg , Thamar Solorio

Linguistic Code Switching (CS) is a phenomenon that occurs when multilingual speakers alternate between two or more languages/dialects within a single conversation. Processing CS data is especially challenging in intra-sentential data given…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-10-08 Fahad AlGhamdi , Mona Diab

We present the results from the second shared task on multimodal machine translation and multilingual image description. Nine teams submitted 19 systems to two tasks. The multimodal translation task, in which the source sentence is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-10-20 Desmond Elliott , Stella Frank , Loïc Barrault , Fethi Bougares , Lucia Specia

We report the findings of the second Complex Word Identification (CWI) shared task organized as part of the BEA workshop co-located with NAACL-HLT'2018. The second CWI shared task featured multilingual and multi-genre datasets divided into…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-04-25 Seid Muhie Yimam , Chris Biemann , Shervin Malmasi , Gustavo H. Paetzold , Lucia Specia , Sanja Štajner , Anaïs Tack , Marcos Zampieri

Dual-encoder structure successfully utilizes two language-specific encoders (LSEs) for code-switching speech recognition. Because LSEs are initialized by two pre-trained language-specific models (LSMs), the dual-encoder structure can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-07-13 Tongtong Song , Qiang Xu , Meng Ge , Longbiao Wang , Hao Shi , Yongjie Lv , Yuqin Lin , Jianwu Dang

Recent progress in neural machine translation (NMT) has made it possible to translate successfully between monolingual language pairs where large parallel data exist, with pre-trained models improving performance even further. Although…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-31 El Moatez Billah Nagoudi , AbdelRahim Elmadany , Muhammad Abdul-Mageed

Code-switching, or alternating between languages within a single conversation, presents challenges for multilingual language models on NLP tasks. This research investigates if pre-training Multilingual BERT (mBERT) on code-switched datasets…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Katherine Xie , Nitya Babbar , Vicky Chen , Yoanna Turura

Code-switching, also called code-mixing, is the linguistics phenomenon where in casual settings, multilingual speakers mix words from different languages in one utterance. Due to its spontaneous nature, code-switching is extremely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-01 Shuyue Stella Li , Cihan Xiao , Tianjian Li , Bismarck Odoom

Lack of text data has been the major issue on code-switching language modeling. In this paper, we introduce multi-task learning based language model which shares syntax representation of languages to leverage linguistic information and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-10-05 Genta Indra Winata , Andrea Madotto , Chien-Sheng Wu , Pascale Fung

Code switching (CS) is a very common phenomenon in written and spoken communication but one that is handled poorly by many natural language processing applications. Looking to the application of building CS corpora, we explore CS language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-05 Laurie Burchell , Alexandra Birch , Robert P. Thompson , Kenneth Heafield

In this work, we present a simple and elegant approach to language modeling for bilingual code-switched text. Since code-switching is a blend of two or more different languages, a standard bilingual language model can be improved upon by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-08-06 Saurabh Garg , Tanmay Parekh , Preethi Jyothi

Code-switching, the alternation between two or more languages within communication, poses great challenges for Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) systems. Existing models and datasets are limited in their ability to effectively handle these…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Yupei Li , Zifan Wei , Heng Yu , Jiahao Xue , Huichi Zhou , Björn W. Schuller

In countries that speak multiple main languages, mixing up different languages within a conversation is commonly called code-switching. Previous works addressing this challenge mainly focused on word-level aspects such as word embeddings.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-19 Genta Indra Winata , Zhaojiang Lin , Jamin Shin , Zihan Liu , Pascale Fung

Natural Language Processing (NLP) is a vital computational method for addressing language processing, analysis, and generation. NLP tasks form the core of many daily applications, from automatic text correction to speech recognition. While…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Caroline Sabty

Code-switching entails mixing multiple languages. It is an increasingly occurring phenomenon in social media texts. Usually, code-mixed texts are written in a single script, even though the languages involved have different scripts.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-24 Niraj Pahari , Kazutaka Shimada

This paper addresses challenges of Natural Language Processing (NLP) on non-canonical multilingual data in which two or more languages are mixed. It refers to code-switching which has become more popular in our daily life and therefore…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-10-10 Özlem Çetinoğlu , Sarah Schulz , Ngoc Thang Vu

Most people are multilingual, and most multilinguals code-switch, yet the characteristics of code-switched language are not fully understood. We developed a chatbot capable of completing a Map Task with human participants using…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Dean Geckt , Melinda Fricke , Shuly Wintner

Language Identification (LID) is a core task in multilingual NLP, yet current systems often overfit to clean, monolingual data. This work introduces DIVERS-BENCH, a comprehensive evaluation of state-of-the-art LID models across diverse…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Jessica Ojo , Zina Kamel , David Ifeoluwa Adelani

We present the first shared task for detecting and analyzing code-switching in Guarani and Spanish, GUA-SPA at IberLEF 2023. The challenge consisted of three tasks: identifying the language of a token, NER, and a novel task of classifying…

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