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Context: Technical lag accumulates when software systems fail to keep pace with technological advancements, leading to a deterioration in software quality. Objective: This paper aims to consolidate existing research on technical lag,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Shane K. Panter , Nasir U. Eisty

Software documentation often struggles to catch up with the pace of software evolution. The lack of correct, complete, and up-to-date documentation results in an increasing number of documentation defects which could introduce delays in…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Lakmal Silva , Michael Unterkalmsteiner , Krzysztof Wnuk

Technical Debt, considered by many to be the 'silent killer' of software projects, has undeniably become part of the everyday vocabulary of software engineers. We know it compromises the internal quality of a system, either deliberately or…

Self-Admitted Technical Debt (SATD) is a form of Technical Debt where developers document the debt using source code comments (SATD-C) or issues (SATD-I). However, it is still unclear the circumstances that drive developers to choose one or…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-08-28 Laerte Xavier , João Eduardo Montandon , Marco Tulio Valente

Background: Software security is crucial to ensure that the users are protected from undesirable consequences such as malware attacks which can result in loss of data and, subsequently, financial loss. Technical Debt (TD) is a metaphor…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-07-24 Joshua Aldrich Edbert , Sahrima Jannat Oishwee , Shubhashis Karmakar , Zadia Codabux , Roberto Verdecchia

Technical debt (TD) refers to delayed tasks and immature artifacts that may bring short-term benefits but incur extra costs of change during maintenance and evolution in the long term. TD has been extensively studied in the past decade, and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-12-13 Zengyang Li , Yilin Peng , Peng Liang , Apostolos Ampatzoglou , Ran Mo , Hui Liu , Xiaoxiao Qi

Self-Admitted Technical Debt (SATD) refers to instances where developers knowingly introduce suboptimal solutions into code and document them, often through textual artifacts. This paper provides a comprehensive state-of-practice report on…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-03-20 Edi Sutoyo , Andrea Capiluppi

While technical debt grows in absolute numbers as software systems evolve over time, the density of technical debt (technical debt divided by lines of code) is reduced in some cases. This can be explained by either the application of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-10-20 George Digkas , Alexander Chatzigeorgiou , Apostolos Ampatzoglou , Paris Avgeriou

Technical debt---design shortcuts taken to optimize for delivery speed---is a critical part of long-term software costs. Consequently, automatically detecting technical debt is a high priority for software practitioners. Software quality…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2017-06-01 Neil A. Ernst , Stephany Bellomo , Ipek Ozkaya , Robert L. Nord

Context: Technical debt (TD) refers to the additional costs incurred due to compromises in software quality, providing short-term advantages during development but potentially compromising long-term quality. Accurate TD forecasting and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Adekunle Ajibode , Yvon Apedo , Temitope Ajibode

Background: Requirements engineering is of a principal importance when starting a new project. However, the number of the requirements involved in a single project can reach up to thousands. Controlling and assuring the quality of natural…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-10-03 Panagiota Chatzipetrou , Michael Unterkalmsteiner , Tony Gorschek

AI integration in automotive perception systems shifts requirements from static specifications to continuously evolving entities shaped by data, models, and operating contexts. When such changes are not consistently documented, validated,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Hina Saeeda , Soniya Abraham

Background: Software companies must balance fast value delivery with quality, a trade-off that can introduce technical debt and potentially waste developers' time. As software systems evolve, technical debt tends to increase. However,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Bhuwan Paudel , Javier Gonzalez-Huerta , Ehsan Zabardast , Eriks Klotins

Requirement engineering (RE) is the first and the most important step in software production and development. The RE is aimed to specify software requirements. One of the tasks in RE is the categorization of software requirements as…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-11-11 Fatemeh Khayashi , Behnaz Jamasb , Reza Akbari , Pirooz Shamsinejadbabaki

Technical debt refers to taking shortcuts to achieve short-term goals, which might negatively influence software maintenance in the long-term. There is increasing attention on technical debt that is admitted by developers in source code…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-02-07 Yikun Li , Mohamed Soliman , Paris Avgeriou

Existing software tools enable characterizing and measuring the amount of technical debt at selective granularity levels. In this paper we aim to study the evolution and characteristics of technical debt in open-source software. We carry…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-07-28 Arthur-Jozsef Molnar , Simona Motogna

Technical Debt is a common issue that arises when short-term gains are prioritized over long-term costs, leading to a degradation in the quality of the code. Self-Admitted Technical Debt (SATD) is a specific type of Technical Debt that…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-04-03 Shima Esfandiari , Ashkan Sami

The ubiquitous presence of software in the products we use, together with Artificial Intelligence in these products, has led to an increasing need for consumer trust. Consumers often lose faith in products, and the lack of Trust propagates…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2021-07-08 David Kwan , Luiz Marcio Cysneiros , Julio Cesar Sampaio do Prado Leite

Technical Debt analysis is increasing in popularity as nowadays researchers and industry are adopting various tools for static code analysis to evaluate the quality of their code. Despite this, empirical studies on software projects are…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-08-05 Valentina Lenarduzzi , Nyyti Saarimäki , Davide Taibi

Technical Debt (TD) identification in software projects issues is crucial for maintaining code quality, reducing long-term maintenance costs, and improving overall project health. This study advances TD classification using…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-08-20 Karthik Shivashankar , Mili Orucevic , Maren Maritsdatter Kruke , Antonio Martini