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A sequence of $k$-uniform hypergraphs $H_1, H_2, \dots$ is convergent if the sequence of homomorphism densities $t(F, H_1), t(F, H_2), \dots$ converges for every $k$-uniform hypergraph $F$. For graphs, Lov\'asz and Szegedy showed that every…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2015-10-26 Yufei Zhao

An edge-weighted graph $G$, possibly with loops, is said to be antiferromagnetic if it has nonnegative weights and at most one positive eigenvalue, counting multiplicities. The number of graph homomorphisms from a graph $H$ to an…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-06-18 Joonkyung Lee , Jaeseong Oh , Jaehyeon Seo

Counting homomorphisms from a graph $H$ into another graph $G$ is a fundamental problem of (parameterized) counting complexity theory. In this work, we study the case where \emph{both} graphs $H$ and $G$ stem from given classes of graphs:…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2021-08-04 Marc Roth , Philip Wellnitz

We consider constrained variants of graph homomorphisms such as embeddings, monomorphisms, full homomorphisms, surjective homomorpshims, and locally constrained homomorphisms. We also introduce a new variation on this theme which derives…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2014-04-23 Yangjing Long

This article investigates structural, geometrical, and topological characterizations and properties of weakly modular graphs and of cell complexes derived from them. The unifying themes of our investigation are various `nonpositive…

Metric Geometry · Mathematics 2022-03-03 Jérémie Chalopin , Victor Chepoi , Hiroshi Hirai , Damian Osajda

A large driver of the complexity of graph learning is the interplay between structure and features. When analyzing the expressivity of graph neural networks, however, existing approaches ignore features in favor of structure, making it…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Martin Carrasco , Olga Zaghen , Kavir Sumaraj , Erik Bekkers , Bastian Rieck

Lov\'asz (1967) showed that two graphs $G$ and $H$ are isomorphic if, and only if, they are homomorphism indistinguishable over all graphs, i.e., $G$ and $H$ admit the same number of number of homomorphisms from every graph $F$.…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-01-27 Daniel Neuen , Tim Seppelt

We prove that random $\mathbb{Z}$-homomorphisms on weakly expanding bipartite graphs exhibit a strong "flatness" phenomenon. Extending prior work of Peled, Samotij, and Yehudayoff for expanders, we first show that on any bipartite $(n, d,…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-04-06 Dingding Dong , Jinyoung Park

We show that if a sequence of dense graphs has the property that for every fixed graph F, the density of copies of F in these graphs tends to a limit, then there is a natural ``limit object'', namely a symmetric measurable 2-variable…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Laszlo Lovasz , Balazs Szegedy

Let $N$ be a weakly unitarily invariant norm (i.e. invariant for the coadjoint action of the unitary group) in the space of skew-Hermitian matrices $\mathfrak{u}_n(\mathbb C)$. In this paper we study the geometry of the unit sphere of such…

Metric Geometry · Mathematics 2023-02-14 Gabriel Larotonda , Iván Rey

Two graphs $G$ and $H$ are homomorphism indistinguishable over a class of graphs $\mathcal{F}$ if for all graphs $F \in \mathcal{F}$ the number of homomorphisms from $F$ to $G$ is equal to the number of homomorphisms from $F$ to $H$. Many…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-02-07 Tim Seppelt

In an earlier paper the authors proved that limits of convergent graph sequences can be described by various structures, including certain 2-variable real functions called graphons, random graph models satisfying certain consistency…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2009-02-10 László Lovász , Balázs Szegedy

The recent theory of graph limits gives a powerful framework for understanding the properties of suitable (convergent) sequences $(G_n)$ of graphs in terms of a limiting object which may be represented by a symmetric function $W$ on…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2012-08-21 Bela Bollobas , Svante Janson , Oliver Riordan

Lov\'{a}sz proved that two graphs $G$ and $H$ are isomorphic if $\hom(K,G) = \hom(K,H)$ for all graphs $K$, where $\hom(G_1,G_2)$ denotes the number of homomorphisms from $G_1$ to $G_2$. Dvo\v{r}\'{a}k showed that it suffices to count…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-02-17 Andrea Jiménez , Benjamin Moore , Daniel A. Quiroz , Youngho Yoo

Understanding graph density profiles is notoriously challenging. Even for pairs of graphs, complete characterizations are known only in very limited cases, such as edges versus cliques. This paper explores a relaxation of the graph density…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-08-26 Grigoriy Blekherman , Annie Raymond , Alexander Razborov , Fan Wei

We generalize subgraph densities, arising in dense graph limit theory, to Markov spaces (symmetric measures on the square of a standard Borel space). More generally, we define an analogue of the set of homomorphisms in the form of a measure…

Probability · Mathematics 2023-11-13 Dávid Kunszenti-Kovács , László Lovász , Balázs Szegedy

The law of a finite graph is a probability measure induced by the orbits of the graph under its automorphism group. Every law satisfies the intrinsic mass transport principle, which is also known as unimodularity. We discuss the convergence…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2011-03-30 Igor Artemenko

A graph $H$ is said to be common if the number of monochromatic labelled copies of $H$ in a red/blue edge colouring of a large complete graph is asymptotically minimized by a random colouring with an equal proportion of each colour. We…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-09-16 Natalie Behague , Natasha Morrison , Jonathan A. Noel

The notion of graph cover, also known as locally bijective homomorphism, is a discretization of covering spaces known from general topology. It is a pair of incidence-preserving vertex- and edge-mappings between two graphs, the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-04-25 Jan Kratochvil , Roman Nedela

We consider the problem of finding a homomorphism from an input digraph $G$ to a fixed digraph $H$. We show that if $H$ admits a weak near unanimity polymorphism $\phi$ then deciding whether $G$ admits a homomorphism to $H$ (HOM($H$)) is…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2020-11-24 Tomas Feder , Jeff Kinne , Ashwin Murali , Arash Rafiey