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Image-level weakly supervised semantic segmentation (WSSS) relies on class activation maps (CAMs) for pseudo labels generation. As CAMs only highlight the most discriminative regions of objects, the generated pseudo labels are usually…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-10-28 Weixuan Sun , Jing Zhang , Nick Barnes

Accurate segmentation of the fetal brain from Magnetic Resonance Image (MRI) is important for prenatal assessment of fetal development. Although deep learning has shown the potential to achieve this task, it requires a large fine annotated…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-29 Jia Fu , Tao Lu , Shaoting Zhang , Guotai Wang

As deep learning continues to advance, the transparency of neural network decision-making remains a critical challenge, limiting trust and applicability in high-stakes domains. Class Activation Mapping (CAM) techniques have emerged as a key…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-24 Hongjie He , Xu Pan , Yudong Yao

Increasing demands for understanding the internal behavior of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have led to remarkable improvements in explanation methods. Particularly, several class activation mapping (CAM) based methods, which…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-09-28 Hyungsik Jung , Youngrock Oh

Existing studies in weakly supervised semantic segmentation (WSSS) have utilized class activation maps (CAMs) to localize the class objects. However, since a classification loss is insufficient for providing precise object regions, CAMs…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-12-13 Sung-Hoon Yoon , Hyeokjun Kweon , Jaeseok Jeong , Hyeonseong Kim , Shinjeong Kim , Kuk-Jin Yoon

CNN visualization and interpretation methods, like class-activation maps (CAMs), are typically used to highlight the image regions linked to class predictions. These models allow to simultaneously classify images and extract class-dependent…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-11-17 Soufiane Belharbi , Ismail Ben Ayed , Luke McCaffrey , Eric Granger

Class imbalance is a common challenge in machine learning and data mining, often leading to suboptimal performance in classifiers. While deep learning excels in feature extraction, its performance still deteriorates under imbalanced data.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-24 Sukumar Kishanthan , Asela Hevapathige

While class activation map (CAM) generated by image classification network has been widely used for weakly supervised object localization (WSOL) and semantic segmentation (WSSS), such classifiers usually focus on discriminative object…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-12-23 Jinheng Xie , Jianfeng Xiang , Junliang Chen , Xianxu Hou , Xiaodong Zhao , Linlin Shen

Real-world visual recognition problems often exhibit long-tailed distributions, where the amount of data for learning in different categories shows significant imbalance. Standard classification models learned on such data distribution…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-08-31 Chi Zhang , Guosheng Lin , Lvlong Lai , Henghui Ding , Qingyao Wu

Weakly supervised object localization aims to find a target object region in a given image with only weak supervision, such as image-level labels. Most existing methods use a class activation map (CAM) to generate a localization map;…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-04-04 Eunji Kim , Siwon Kim , Jungbeom Lee , Hyunwoo Kim , Sungroh Yoon

Class Activation Mapping (CAM) methods have recently gained much attention for weakly-supervised object localization (WSOL) tasks. They allow for CNN visualization and interpretation without training on fully annotated image datasets. CAM…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-10-22 Soufiane Belharbi , Aydin Sarraf , Marco Pedersoli , Ismail Ben Ayed , Luke McCaffrey , Eric Granger

Machine learning models, by virtue of training, learn a large repertoire of decision rules for any given input, and any one of these may suffice to justify a prediction. However, in high-dimensional input spaces, such rules are difficult to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Pirzada Suhail , Aditya Anand , Amit Sethi

Nowadays, deep neural networks for object detection in images are very prevalent. However, due to the complexity of these networks, users find it hard to understand why these objects are detected by models. We proposed Gaussian Class…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-06-07 Quoc Khanh Nguyen , Truong Thanh Hung Nguyen , Vo Thanh Khang Nguyen , Van Binh Truong , Quoc Hung Cao

Graph convolutional neural network (GCN) has drawn increasing attention and attained good performance in various computer vision tasks, however, there lacks a clear interpretation of GCN's inner mechanism. For standard convolutional neural…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-09-20 Zhenpeng Feng , Xiyang Cui , Hongbing Ji , Mingzhe Zhu , Ljubisa Stankovic

We propose a technique for making Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)-based models more transparent by visualizing input regions that are 'important' for predictions -- or visual explanations. Our approach, called Gradient-weighted Class…

Class activation mapping~(CAM), a visualization technique for interpreting deep learning models, is now commonly used for weakly supervised semantic segmentation~(WSSS) and object localization~(WSOL). It is the weighted aggregation of the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-08 Jiatai Lin , Guoqiang Han , Xuemiao Xu , Changhong Liang , Tien-Tsin Wong , C. L. Philip Chen , Zaiyi Liu , Chu Han

Image retrieval in realistic scenarios targets large dynamic datasets of unlabeled images. In these cases, training or fine-tuning a model every time new images are added to the database is neither efficient nor scalable. Convolutional…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-07-11 Albert Jimenez , Jose M. Alvarez , Xavier Giro-i-Nieto

To visualize the regions of interest that classifiers base their decisions on, different Class Activation Mapping (CAM) methods have been developed. However, all of these techniques target categorical classifiers only, though most…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-22 Xinyi Zhang , Johanna Sophie Bieri , Manuel Günther

The black-box nature of Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) severely hinders its performance improvement and application in specific scenes. In recent years, class activation mapping-based method has been widely used to interpret the internal…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-11 Chunyan Zeng , Kang Yan , Zhifeng Wang , Yan Yu , Shiyan Xia , Nan Zhao

Deep neural networks are ubiquitous due to the ease of developing models and their influence on other domains. At the heart of this progress is convolutional neural networks (CNNs) that are capable of learning representations or features…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-10-26 Mohammed Bany Muhammad , Mohammed Yeasin