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Quantum entanglement distribution between remote nodes is key to many promising quantum applications. Existing mechanisms have mainly focused on improving throughput and fidelity via entanglement routing or single-node scheduling. This…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-03-31 Huayue Gu , Ruozhou Yu , Zhouyu Li , Xiaojian Wang , Fangtong Zhou

Quantum key distribution (QKD) can provide point-to-point information-theoretic secure key services for two connected users. In fact, the development of QKD networks needs more focus from the scientific community in order to broaden the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-07-13 Jia-Meng Yao , Ya-Xing Wang , Qiong Li , Hao-Kun Mao , Ahmed A. Abd El-Latif , Nan Chen

Quantum network sensing shows potential to enhance the estimation precision for functions of spatially distributed parameters beyond the shot noise limit. The key resource required for this task is possibly multi-partite quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-16 Yoshihiro Ueda , Makoto Ishihara , Wojciech Roga , Masahiro Takeoka

Quantum cloud computing (QCC) offers a promising approach to efficiently provide quantum computing resources, such as quantum computers, to perform resource-intensive tasks. Like traditional cloud computing platforms, QCC providers can…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-07-26 Rakpong Kaewpuang , Minrui Xu , Dinh Thai Hoang , Dusit Niyato , Han Yu , Ruidong Li , Zehui Xiong , Jiawen Kang

Quantum physics is known to allow for completely new ways to create, manipulate and store information. Quantum communication - the ability to transmit quantum information - is a primitive necessary for any quantum internet. At its core,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-06-19 W. J. Munro , A. M. Stephens , S. J. Devitt , K. A. Harrison , Kae Nemoto

The quantum internet aims to interconnect distant devices and enable large-scale computation through distributed quantum algorithms. One of the key obstacles is communication latency during computation. Even separations of a few hundred…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-06 Yerim Kim , Kiwmann Hwang , Hyukjoon Kwon , Yosep Kim

Entanglement generation in long-distance quantum networks is a difficult process due to resource limitations and the probabilistic nature of entanglement swapping. To maximize success probability, existing quantum routing algorithms employ…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-05-15 Tasdiqul Islam , Md Arifuzzaman , Engin Arslan

In the coming years, quantum networks will allow quantum applications to thrive thanks to the new opportunities offered by end-to-end entanglement of qubits on remote hosts via quantum repeaters. On a geographical scale, this will lead to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-08-01 Claudio Cicconetti , Marco Conti , Andrea Passarella

Optimal routing in quantum-repeater networks requires finding the best path that connects a pair of end nodes. Most previous work on routing in quantum networks assumes utility functions that are isotonic, meaning that the ordering of two…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-26 Maxwell Tang , Garrett Hinkley , Kenneth Goodenough , Stefan Krastanov , Guus Avis

Establishing long-distance quantum entanglement, i.e., entanglement transmission, in quantum networks (QN) is a key and timely challenge for developing efficient quantum communication. Traditional comprehension based on classical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-04-28 Xiangyi Meng , Jianxi Gao , Shlomo Havlin

A long-distance quantum network for distributing entangled states would support novel information applications, such as unconditionally secure cryptography and distributed quantum computing. Realizing such a network requires hardware that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-10-18 Cody Jones , Kristiaan De Greve , Yoshihisa Yamamoto

Quantum repeaters have promised efficient scaling of quantum networks for over two decades. Despite numerous platforms proclaiming functional repeaters, the realization of large-scale networks remains elusive, indicating that the resources…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-27 Manik Dawar , Ralf Riedinger , Nilesh Vyas , Paulo Mendes

A quantum network is a network of entangled states and can be used to transmit quantum information. Non-maximally entangled states are not really effective in establishing quantum communication across vast distances. Creating and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-22 Deep Nath , Soumen Roy

We consider various issues which arise as soon as one tries to practically implement simple networks of quantum relays for QKD. In particular we discuss authentication and routing which are essential ingredients of any QKD network. This…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Andrea Pasquinucci

Entanglement-based quantum links are the backbone of future quantum internet networks, enabling secure communication between distant cities. Realizing such networks requires addressing multiple practical challenges in long-distance quantum…

Long-distance entanglement is a very precious resource, but its distribution is very difficult due to the exponential losses of light in optical fibres. A possible solution consists in the use of quantum repeaters, based on entanglement…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-05-18 Carlo Liorni , Hermann Kampermann , Dagmar Bruss

The Quantum Internet is envisioned as the final stage of the quantum revolution, opening fundamentally new communications and computing capabilities, including the distributed quantum computing. But the Quantum Internet is governed by the…

Quantum networks, which enable the transfer of quantum information across long distances, promise to provide exciting benefits and new possibilities in many areas including communication, computation, security, and metrology. These networks…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-14 Alexander Kolar , Allen Zang , Joaquin Chung , Martin Suchara , Rajkumar Kettimuthu

Future quantum networks will enable the interconnection of multiple users distributed across vast geographic distances. Due to these large separations and limited physical resources, communication will often rely on multi-path routing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-05 Nicolò Lo Piparo , William J. Munro , Kae Nemoto

We consider multi-path routing of entanglement in quantum networks, where a pre-prepared multipartite entangled 2D cluster state serves as a resource to perform different tasks on demand. We show how to achieve parallel connections between…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-12 Julia Freund , Alexander Pirker , Wolfgang Dür