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The increasing complexity of machine learning models in computer vision, particularly in face verification, requires the development of explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) to enhance interpretability and transparency. This study…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-13 Miriam Doh , Caroline Mazini Rodrigues , N. Boutry , L. Najman , Matei Mancas , Bernard Gosselin

Although saliency maps can highlight important regions to explain the reasoning behind image classification in artificial intelligence (AI), the meaning of these regions is left to the user's interpretation. In contrast, conceptbased…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Michihiro Kuroki , Toshihiko Yamasaki

Deep neural networks are ubiquitous due to the ease of developing models and their influence on other domains. At the heart of this progress is convolutional neural networks (CNNs) that are capable of learning representations or features…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-10-26 Mohammed Bany Muhammad , Mohammed Yeasin

Convolutional Neural Networks have been known as black-box models as humans cannot interpret their inner functionalities. With an attempt to make CNNs more interpretable and trustworthy, we propose IS-CAM (Integrated Score-CAM), where we…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-10-08 Rakshit Naidu , Ankita Ghosh , Yash Maurya , Shamanth R Nayak K , Soumya Snigdha Kundu

Transparency and explainability in image classification are essential for establishing trust in machine learning models and detecting biases and errors. State-of-the-art explainability methods generate saliency maps to show where a specific…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-30 Matteo Bianchi , Antonio De Santis , Andrea Tocchetti , Marco Brambilla

Feature visualizations such as synthetic maximally activating images are a widely used explanation method to better understand the information processing of convolutional neural networks (CNNs). At the same time, there are concerns that…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-05-04 Judy Borowski , Roland S. Zimmermann , Judith Schepers , Robert Geirhos , Thomas S. A. Wallis , Matthias Bethge , Wieland Brendel

As machine learning systems increasingly inform critical decisions, the need for human-understandable explanations grows. Current evaluations of Explainable AI (XAI) often prioritize technical fidelity over cognitive accessibility which…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Tobias Labarta , Nhi Hoang , Katharina Weitz , Wojciech Samek , Sebastian Lapuschkin , Leander Weber

Convolutional Neural Networks have achieved impressive results in various tasks, but interpreting the internal mechanism is a challenging problem. To tackle this problem, we exploit a multi-channel attention mechanism in feature space. Our…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-05-01 Masanari Kimura , Masayuki Tanaka

In many practical applications, deep neural networks have been typically deployed to operate as a black box predictor. Despite the high amount of work on interpretability and high demand on the reliability of these systems, they typically…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-12-07 Martin Stano , Wanda Benesova , Lukas Samuel Martak

Deep learning models are used in critical applications, in which mistakes can have serious consequences. Therefore, it is crucial to understand how and why models generate predictions. This understanding provides useful information to check…

The convolutional neural network (CNN) has become a powerful tool for various biomedical image analysis tasks, but there is a lack of visual explanation for the machinery of CNNs. In this paper, we present a novel algorithm,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-06-08 Guannan Zhao , Bo Zhou , Kaiwen Wang , Rui Jiang , Min Xu

Matching pedestrians across multiple camera views, known as human re-identification, is a challenging research problem that has numerous applications in visual surveillance. With the resurgence of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs),…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2016-09-27 Rahul Rama Varior , Mrinal Haloi , Gang Wang

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are widely used for high-stakes applications like medicine, often surpassing human performance. However, most explanation methods rely on post-hoc attribution, approximating the decision-making process…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Kerol Djoumessi , Philipp Berens

The success of recent deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) depends on learning hidden representations that can summarize the important factors of variation behind the data. However, CNNs often criticized as being black boxes that lack…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-06-27 Bolei Zhou , David Bau , Aude Oliva , Antonio Torralba

Deep learning is currently playing a crucial role toward higher levels of artificial intelligence. This paradigm allows neural networks to learn complex and abstract representations, that are progressively obtained by combining simpler…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-08-12 Mirco Ravanelli , Yoshua Bengio

Deep neural networks have achieved remarkable success in computer vision; however, their black-box nature in decision-making limits interpretability and trust, particularly in safety-critical applications. Interpretability is crucial in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Ran Eisenberg , Amit Rozner , Ethan Fetaya , Ofir Lindenbaum

Facial action units (AUs) are essential to decode human facial expressions. Researchers have focused on training AU detectors with a variety of features and classifiers. However, several issues remain. These are spatial representation,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2016-08-03 Wen-Sheng Chu , Fernando De la Torre , Jeffrey F. Cohn

Recent brain tumor classification methods often report high accuracy but rely on deep, over-parameterized architectures with limited interpretability, making it difficult to determine whether predictions are driven by tumor-relevant…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-24 Rajan Das Gupta , Md Imrul Hasan Showmick , Lei Wei , Mushfiqur Rahman Abir , Shanjida Akter , Md. Yeasin Rahat , Md. Jakir Hossen

Recently, many researches employ middle-layer output of convolutional neural network models (CNN) as features for different visual recognition tasks. Although promising results have been achieved in some empirical studies, such type of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2015-09-09 Jianwei Luo , Jianguo Li , Jun Wang , Zhiguo Jiang , Yurong Chen

Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have exhibited great performance in discriminative feature learning for complex visual tasks. Besides discrimination power, interpretability is another important yet under-explored property for CNNs. One…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-20 Wengang Guo , Jiayi Yang , Huilin Yin , Qijun Chen , Wei Ye