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We apply Reinforcement Learning algorithms to solve the classic quantitative finance Market Making problem, in which an agent provides liquidity to the market by placing buy and sell orders while maximizing a utility function. The optimal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-12 Matias Selser , Javier Kreiner , Manuel Maurette

We propose that a tree-like hierarchical structure represents a simple and effective way to model the emergent behaviour of financial markets, especially markets where there exists a pronounced intersection between social media influences…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2024-10-02 Gonzalo Bohorquez , John Cartlidge

Deep Q-Network (DQN) based multi-agent systems (MAS) for reinforcement learning (RL) use various schemes where in the agents have to learn and communicate. The learning is however specific to each agent and communication may be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-11 Abdul Mueed Hafiz , Ghulam Mohiuddin Bhat

We describe a bottom-up framework, based on the identification of appropriate order parameters and determination of phase diagrams, for understanding progressively refined agent-based models and simulations of financial markets. We…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2015-06-04 Ribin Lye , James Peng Lung Tan , Siew Ann Cheong

Modern AI systems increasingly operate inside markets and institutions where data, behavior, and incentives are endogenous. This paper develops an economic foundation for multi-agent learning by studying a principal-agent interaction in a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-01-08 Nassim Helou

Multi-agent systems (MAS) have emerged as a promising approach for enhancing the reasoning capabilities of large language models in complex problem-solving; however, current MAS frameworks suffer from poor flexibility and scalability with…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Heng Zhou , Hejia Geng , Xiangyuan Xue , Li Kang , Yiran Qin , Zhiyong Wang , Zhenfei Yin , Lei Bai

Multiagent Systems (MASs) involve different characteristics, such as autonomy, asynchronous and social features, which make these systems more difficult to understand. Thus, there is a lack of procedures guaranteeing that multiagent systems…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2020-11-24 Nathalia Nascimento , Carlos Lucena , Paulo Alencar , Carlos Juliano Viana

Algorithmic collusion has emerged as a central question in AI: Will the interaction between different AI agents deployed in markets lead to collusion? More generally, understanding how emergent behavior, be it a cartel or market dominance…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Ziyi Wang , Carmine Ventre , Maria Polukarov

This study presents an agent-based computational cross-market model for Chinese equity market structure, which includes both stocks and CSI 300 index futures. In this model, we design several stocks and one index futures to simulate this…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2014-04-17 Hai-Chuan Xu , Wei Zhang , Xiong Xiong , Wei-Xing Zhou

Multi-agent systems (MAS) leveraging the impressive capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) hold significant potential for tackling complex tasks. However, most current MAS depend on manually designed agent roles and communication…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Zixuan Ke , Austin Xu , Yifei Ming , Xuan-Phi Nguyen , Ryan Chin , Caiming Xiong , Shafiq Joty

In a financial exchange, market impact is a measure of the price change of an asset following a transaction. This is an important element of market microstructure, which determines the behaviour of the market following a trade. In this…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2023-05-15 Christopher J. Cho , Timothy J. Norman , Manuel Nunes

In financial applications, reinforcement learning (RL) agents are commonly trained on historical data, where their actions do not influence prices. However, during deployment, these agents trade in live markets where their own transactions…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Shaocong Ma , Heng Huang

In this paper, reinforcement learning is applied to the problem of optimizing market making. A multi-agent reinforcement learning framework is used to optimally place limit orders that lead to successful trades. The framework consists of…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2018-12-27 Yagna Patel

Agent-based models help explain stock price dynamics as emergent phenomena driven by interacting investors. In this modeling tradition, investor behavior has typically been captured by two distinct mechanisms -- learning and heterogeneous…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Ryuji Hashimoto , Ryosuke Takata , Masahiro Suzuki , Yuki Tanaka , Kiyoshi Izumi

Recent advances in the fields of machine learning and neurofinance have yielded new exciting research perspectives in practical inference of behavioural economy in financial markets and microstructure study. We here present the latest…

General Finance · Quantitative Finance 2019-10-23 J. Lussange , S. Palminteri , S. Bourgeois-Gironde , B. Gutkin

Dynamic portfolio optimization is the process of sequentially allocating wealth to a collection of assets in some consecutive trading periods, based on investors' return-risk profile. Automating this process with machine learning remains a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-01-28 Pengqian Yu , Joon Sern Lee , Ilya Kulyatin , Zekun Shi , Sakyasingha Dasgupta

In this paper, we consider dynamic multi-agent systems (MAS) for decentralized resource allocation. The MAS operates at a competitive equilibrium to ensure supply and demand are balanced. First, we investigate the MAS over a finite horizon.…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-10-21 Zeinab Salehi , Yijun Chen , Elizabeth L. Ratnam , Ian R. Petersen , Guodong Shi

We investigate the use of Reinforcement Learning for the optimal execution of meta-orders, where the objective is to execute incrementally large orders while minimizing implementation shortfall and market impact over an extended period of…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2025-11-20 Tomas Espana , Yadh Hafsi , Fabrizio Lillo , Edoardo Vittori

We present results on simulations of a stock market with heterogeneous, cumulative information setup. We find a non-monotonic behaviour of traders' returns as a function of their information level. Particularly, the average informed agents…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2008-12-02 Bence Toth , Enrico Scalas

Multi-agent reinforcement learning methods such as VDN, QMIX, and QTRAN that adopt centralized training with decentralized execution (CTDE) framework have shown promising results in cooperation and competition. However, in some multi-agent…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2022-03-29 Jiajun Chai , Weifan Li , Yuanheng Zhu , Dongbin Zhao , Zhe Ma , Kewu Sun , Jishiyu Ding