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The physics of particle acceleration in turbulent plasmas is a topic of broad interest, which is making rapid progress thanks to dedicated, large-scale numerical experiments. The first part of this paper presents an effective theory of…

Plasma Physics · Physics 2025-07-08 M. Lemoine

This review aims at providing an up-to-date status and a general introduction to the subject of the numerical study of energetic particle acceleration and transport in turbulent astrophysical flows. The subject is also complemented by a…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2020-02-26 A. Marcowith , G. Ferrand , M. Grech , Z. Meliani , I. Plotnikov , R. Walder

This proceedings paper reports on the theoretical modelling of particle acceleration in magnetised turbulent plasmas. It briefly reviews some recent findings obtained from fully kinetic numerical simulations of large-amplitude, semi to…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-12-18 M. Lemoine

We explore constraints imposed by shear-driven instabilities on the acceleration of energetic particles in relativistic shearing flows. We show that shearing layers in large-scale AGN jets are likely to encompass a sizeable fraction ($\geq…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2021-01-27 Frank M. Rieger , Peter Duffy

In highly conducting astrophysical plasmas, charged particles are generically accelerated through Fermi-type processes involving repeated interactions with moving magnetized scattering centers. The present paper proposes a generalized…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2020-11-19 Martin Lemoine

A comprehensive review is given of the various processes proposed for accelerating particles by shocks to high energies. These energies are limited by several bounds: the non-relativistic nature of the heliospheric collisionless shocks to…

Astrophysics · Physics 2008-06-26 R. A. Treumann , C. H. Jaroschek

Due to its ubiquitous presence, turbulence is often invoked to explain the origin of nonthermal particles in astrophysical sources of high-energy emission. With particle-in-cell simulations, we study decaying turbulence in…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2018-12-21 Luca Comisso , Lorenzo Sironi

Particle energization in shear flows is invoked to explain non-thermal emission from the boundaries of relativistic astrophysical jets. Yet, the physics of particle injection, i.e., the mechanism that allows thermal particles to participate…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2021-02-10 Lorenzo Sironi , Michael E. Rowan , Ramesh Narayan

Collisionless plasma shock theory, which applies for example to the afterglow of gamma ray bursts, still contains key issues that are poorly understood. In this paper we study charged particle dynamics in a highly relativistic collisionless…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-10 C. B. Hededal , T. Haugboelle , J. Trier Frederiksen , Å. Nordlund

Stochastic particle acceleration in turbulent plasmas plays a key role in shaping high-energy emission from relativistic outflows, such as those in Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) and microquasars. While traditional Fermi-II models provide a…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2026-03-11 Anton Dmytriiev , Frans van der Merwe , Markus Böttcher

First order Fermi acceleration at astrophysical shocks is often invoked as a mechanism for the generation of non-thermal particles. This mechanism is especially simple in the approximation that the accelerated particles behave like test…

Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-24 Pasquale Blasi

Hot accretion flows contain collisionless plasmas that are believed to be capable of accelerating particles to very high energies, as a result of turbulence generated by the magnetorotational instability (MRI). We conduct unstratified…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2021-07-14 Xiaochen Sun , Xue-Ning Bai

The subject of this paper is stochastic acceleration by plasma turbulence, a process akin to the original model proposed by Fermi. We review the relative merits of different acceleration models, in particular the so called first order Fermi…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2015-06-05 Vahe Petrosian

The outflows from gamma ray bursts, active galactic nuclei and relativistic jets in general interact with the surrounding media through collisionless shocks. With three dimensional relativistic particle-in-cell simulations we investigate…

Astrophysics · Physics 2010-11-11 C. B. Hededal , T. Haugboelle , J. T. Frederiksen , Å. Nordlund

We expand the off-resonant scattering theory for particle diffusion in magnetized current filaments that can be typically compared to astrophysical jets, including active galactic nucleus jets. In a high plasma beta region where the…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-13 Mitsuru Honda , Yasuko S. Honda

One of the main features of astrophysical shocks is their ability to accelerate particles to extremely high energies. The leading acceleration mechanism, the diffusive shock acceleration is reviewed. It is demonstrated that its efficiency…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-06 M. A. Malkov , P. H. Diamond

We analyse processes of particle acceleration in the Fermi Bubbles. The goal of our investigations is to obtain restrictions for acceleration mechanisms. Our analysis of the three processes: acceleration from background plasma,…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2015-06-18 V. A. Dogiel , K. -S. Cheng , D. O. Chernyshov , C. -M. Ko

Gradual shear acceleration of energetic particles in gamma-ray burst (GRB) jets is considered. Special emphasis is given to the analysis of universal structured jets, and characteristic acceleration timescales are determined for a power-law…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-13 Frank M. Rieger , Peter Duffy

We investigate stochastic particle acceleration in accretion flows. It is believed that the magnetorotational instability (MRI) generates turbulence inside accretion flows and that cosmic rays (CRs) are accelerated by the turbulence. We…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2016-05-25 Shigeo S. Kimura , Kenji Toma , Takeru K. Suzuki , Shu-ichiro Inutsuka

The acceleration of ultra high energy cosmic rays is conjectured to occur through various interactions with the electromagnetic fields in different astrophysical objects, like magnetic matter clumps, besides the well-known shock and…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2014-03-18 A. Tawfik , A. Saleh , M. T. Ghoneim , A. A. Hady