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Doubly robust estimators have gained popularity in the field of causal inference due to their ability to provide consistent point estimates when either an outcome or exposure model is correctly specified. However, for nonrandomized…

We derive the closed-form restricted maximum likelihood (REML) estimator and Kenward-Roger's variance estimator for fixed effects in the mixed effects model for repeated measures (MMRM) when the missing data pattern is monotone. As an…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-06-06 Yongqiang Tang

We propose a new finite sample corrected variance estimator for the linear generalized method of moments (GMM) including the one-step, two-step, and iterated estimators. Our formula additionally corrects for the over-identification bias in…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-02-03 Jungbin Hwang , Byunghoon Kang , Seojeong Lee

Many Mendelian randomization (MR) papers have been conducted only in people of European ancestry, limiting transportability of results to the global population. Expanding MR to diverse ancestry groups is essential to ensure equitable…

Instrumental variable methods have been widely used to identify causal effects in the presence of unmeasured confounding. A key identification condition known as the exclusion restriction states that the instrument cannot have a direct…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-08-05 Baoluo Sun , Yifan Cui , Eric Tchetgen Tchetgen

Estimation of causal parameters from observational data requires complete confounder adjustment, as well as positivity of the propensity score for each treatment arm. There is often a trade-off between these two assumptions: confounding…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-03-01 Iván Díaz

A new weak measurement procedure is introduced for finite samples which yields accurate weak values that are outside the range of eigenvalues and which do not require an exponentially rare ensemble. This procedure provides a unique…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 Jeff Tollaksen

We study a pair of budget- and performance-constrained weak-submodular maximization problems. For computational efficiency, we explore the use of stochastic greedy algorithms which limit the search space via random sampling instead of the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-03-06 Ege C. Kaya , Michael Hibbard , Takashi Tanaka , Ufuk Topcu , Abolfazl Hashemi

The linear instrumental variable (IV) model is widely used in observational studies, yet its validity hinges on strong assumptions. Classical specification tests such as the Sargan-Hansen J test are limited to overidentified settings and…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-21 Cyrill Scheidegger , Malte Londschien , Peter Bühlmann

Identification-robust hypothesis tests are commonly based on the continuous updating GMM objective function. When the number of moment conditions grows proportionally with the sample size, the large-dimensional weighting matrix prohibits…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-10-10 Tom Boot , Johannes W. Ligtenberg

Invariance-based randomization tests -- such as permutation tests, rotation tests, or sign changes -- are an important and widely used class of statistical methods. They allow drawing inferences under weak assumptions on the data…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2022-05-31 Edgar Dobriban

Classical randomized experiments, equipped with randomization-based inference, provide assumption-free inference for treatment effects. They have been the gold standard for drawing causal inference and provide excellent internal validity.…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-09-22 Zihao Yang , Tianyi Qu , Xinran Li

Randomized experiments are increasingly employed in two-sided markets, such as buyer--seller platforms, to evaluate the effects of marketplace interventions. These experiments must reflect the underlying two-sided market structure in their…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-30 Jizhou Liu , Azeem M. Shaikh , Panos Toulis

The Fisher randomization test (FRT) is appropriate for any test statistic, under a sharp null hypothesis that can recover all missing potential outcomes. However, it is often sought after to test a weak null hypothesis that the treatment…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-11-09 Jason Wu , Peng Ding

Information from various data sources is increasingly available nowadays. However, some of the data sources may produce biased estimation due to commonly encountered biased sampling, population heterogeneity, or model misspecification. This…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-02-07 Ruoyu Wang , Qihua Wang , Wang Miao

With the widespread application of causal inference, it is increasingly important to have tools which can test for the presence of causal effects in a diverse array of circumstances. In this vein we focus on the problem of testing for…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-11-08 Jake Fawkes , Robert Hu , Robin J. Evans , Dino Sejdinovic

Model-Implied Instrumental Variable Two-Stage Least Squares (MIIV-2SLS) is a limited information, equation-by-equation, non-iterative estimator for latent variable models. Associated with this estimator are equation specific tests of model…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-04-17 Teague R. Henry , Zachary F. Fisher , Kenneth A. Bollen

Statistical techniques are used in all branches of science to determine the feasibility of quantitative hypotheses. One of the most basic applications of statistical techniques in comparative analysis is the test of equality of two…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-05-01 Ayanendranath Basu , Abhijit Mandal , Nirian Martin , Leandro Pardo

In clinical trials, the observation of participant outcomes may frequently be hindered by death, leading to ambiguity in defining a scientifically meaningful final outcome for those who die. Principal stratification methods are valuable…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-09-01 Jiaqi Tong , Chao Cheng , Guangyu Tong , Michael O. Harhay , Fan Li

We reconsider randomized algorithms for the low-rank approximation of symmetric positive semi-definite (SPSD) matrices such as Laplacian and kernel matrices that arise in data analysis and machine learning applications. Our main results…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2013-06-05 Alex Gittens , Michael W. Mahoney