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Matrix Product Operators (MPOs) are at the heart of the second-generation Density Matrix Renormalisation Group (DMRG) algorithm formulated in Matrix Product State language. We first summarise the widely known facts on MPO arithmetic and…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2017-01-20 C. Hubig , I. P. McCulloch , U. Schollwöck

We propose an alternative to the infinite density-matrix renormalization approach for accessing quantum many-body states within a finite-size calculation that faithfully mimics the thermodynamic limit. Our method constructs environment…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2025-12-10 Souta Shimozono , Chisa Hotta

This paper introduces matrix product state (MPS) decomposition as a new and systematic method to compress multidimensional data represented by higher-order tensors. It solves two major bottlenecks in tensor compression: computation and…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-08-02 Johann A. Bengua , Ho N. Phien , Hoang D. Tuan , Minh N. Do

We study the conditions under which Matrix Product States (MPS) or Matrix Product Operators are exact eigenvectors of an extensive local operator, such as a Hamiltonian. By suitably choosing the local operator, this covers a wide range of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-31 José Garre Rubio , András Molnár , Norbert Schuch , Frank Verstraete

We present a general method for simulating lattice gauge theories in low dimensions using infinite matrix product states (iMPS). A central challenge in Hamiltonian formulations of gauge theories is the unbounded local Hilbert space…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2025-08-21 Nicholas Godfrey , Ian P. McCulloch

This paper presents a novel pre-trained language models (PLM) compression approach based on the matrix product operator (short as MPO) from quantum many-body physics. It can decompose an original matrix into central tensors (containing the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-07 Peiyu Liu , Ze-Feng Gao , Wayne Xin Zhao , Z. Y. Xie , Zhong-Yi Lu , Ji-Rong Wen

Tensor networks like matrix product states (MPSs) and matrix product operators (MPOs) are powerful tools for representing exponentially large states and operators, with applications in quantum many-body physics, machine learning, numerical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-11 Chris Camaño , Ethan N. Epperly , Joel A. Tropp

We present a method to approximate functionals $\text{Tr} \, f(A)$ of very high-dimensional hermitian matrices $A$ represented as Matrix Product Operators (MPOs). Our method is based on a reformulation of a block Lanczos algorithm in tensor…

Numerical Analysis · Computer Science 2021-04-06 Moritz August , Mari Carmen Bañuls , Thomas Huckle

Constructing matrix product operators (MPO) is at the core of the modern density matrix renormalization group (DMRG) and its time dependent formulation. For DMRG to be conveniently used in different problems described by different…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2020-09-01 Jiajun Ren , Weitang Li , Tong Jiang , Zhigang Shuai

This paper introduces matrix product state (MPS) decomposition as a computational tool for extracting features of multidimensional data represented by higher-order tensors. Regardless of tensor order, MPS extracts its relevant features to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2016-01-22 Johann A. Bengua , Ho N. Phien , Hoang D. Tuan , Minh N. Do

The truncation or compression of the spectrum of Schmidt values is inherent to the matrix product state (MPS) approximation of one-dimensional quantum ground states. We provide a renormalization group picture by interpreting this…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-11-23 Matthias Bal , Marek M. Rams , Valentin Zauner , Jutho Haegeman , Frank Verstraete

In this note, we describe a method for reconstructing matrix product states from a small number of efficiently-implementable measurements. Our method is exponentially faster than standard tomography, and it can also be used to certify that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2010-02-26 Olivier Landon-Cardinal , Yi-Kai Liu , David Poulin

Quantum computing is arguably one of the most revolutionary and disruptive technologies of this century. Due to the ever-increasing number of potential applications as well as the continuing rise in complexity, the development, simulation,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-01-03 Patrick Gelß , Stefan Klus , Sebastian Knebel , Zarin Shakibaei , Sebastian Pokutta

Matrix product states (MPS) and matrix product operators (MPOs) are one dimensional tensor networks that underlie the modern density matrix renormalization group (DMRG) algorithm. The use of MPOs accounts for the high level of generality…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2020-05-27 Matthew J. O'Rourke , Garnet Kin-Lic Chan

We describe how to efficiently construct the quantum chemical Hamiltonian operator in matrix product form. We present its implementation as a density matrix renormalization group (DMRG) algorithm for quantum chemical applications in a…

Computational Physics · Physics 2016-01-05 Sebastian Keller , Michele Dolfi , Matthias Troyer , Markus Reiher

Matrix product states (MPSs) and matrix product operators (MPOs) allow an alternative formulation of the density matrix renormalization group algorithm introduced by White. Here, we describe how non-abelian spin symmetry can be exploited in…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2016-04-05 Sebastian Keller , Markus Reiher

Matrix product states (MPSs) and matrix product operators (MPOs) are fundamental tools in the study of quantum many-body systems, particularly in the context of tensor network methods such as Time-Evolving Block Decimation (TEBD). However,…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2025-11-21 Alberto Giuseppe Catalano

We study whether one can write a Matrix Product Density Operator (MPDO) as the Gibbs state of a quasi-local parent Hamiltonian. We conjecture this is the case for generic MPDO and give supporting evidences. To investigate the locality of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-05-16 Chi-Fang Chen , Kohtaro Kato , Fernando G. S. L. Brandão

Long Short Term Memory(LSTM) models are the building blocks of many state-of-the-art natural language processing(NLP) and speech enhancement(SE) algorithms. However, there are a large number of parameters in an LSTM model. This usually…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2022-04-01 Ze-Feng Gao , Xingwei Sun , Lan Gao , Junfeng Li , Zhong-Yi Lu

Projected entangled pair states (PEPS) provide a natural ansatz for the ground states of gapped, local Hamiltonians in which global characteristics of a quantum state are encoded in properties of local tensors. We develop a framework to…

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