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For a system composed of two particles Bell's theorem asserts that averages of physical quantities determined from local variables must conform to a family of inequalities. In this work we show that a classical model containing a local…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-06-22 A. Matzkin

A set of quantum data can look classical in every local test and still fail to admit a single classical explanation of the whole composite system. We formulate this failure as global contextuality. Here global means global in the physical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-28 Ming Yang

Contextuality means non-existence of a joint distribution for random variables recorded under mutually incompatible conditions, subject to certain constraints imposed on how the identity of these variables may change across these…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-02-06 Ehtibar N. Dzhafarov , Janne V. Kujala

Contextuality is a feature of quantum correlations. It is crucial from a foundational perspective as a nonclassical phenomenon, and from an applied perspective as a resource for quantum advantage. It is commonly defined in terms of hidden…

A violation of Bell-CHSH inequalities does not justify speculations about quantum non-locality, conspiracy and retro-causation. Such speculations are rooted in a belief that setting dependence of hidden variables in a probabilistic model,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-02-06 Marian Kupczynski

So far, most of the literature on (quantum) contextuality and the Kochen-Specker theorem seems either to concern particular examples of contextuality, or be considered as quantum logic. Here, we develop a general formalism for contextuality…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-02-10 Antonio Acín , Tobias Fritz , Anthony Leverrier , Ana Belén Sainz

Contextuality and entanglement are valuable resources for quantum computing and quantum information. Bell inequalities are used to certify entanglement; thus, it is important to understand why and how they are violated. Quantum mechanics…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-08-30 Marian Kupczynski

When it isn't possible to tell two distinct experimental procedures apart purely from their input/output statistics, then it seems a plausible hypothesis that the two procedures must be physically identical. We call such a hypothesis…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-02-17 Ravi Kunjwal

Correlations for the Bell gedankenexperiment are constructed using probabilities given by quantum mechanics, and nonlocal information. They satisfy Bell's inequality and exhibit spatial non stationarity in angle. Correlations for three…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-26 Louis Sica

The assumption of local realism in a Bell locality scenario imposes non-trivial conditions on the Shannon entropies of the associated probability distributions, expressed by linear entropic Bell inequalities. In principle, these entropic…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-06-24 Rafael Chaves

Two distant systems can exhibit quantum nonlocality even though the correlations between them admit a local model. This nonlocality can be revealed by testing extra correlations between successive measurements on one of the systems which do…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-11-20 Adan Cabello

An active area of research in the fields of machine learning and statistics is the development of causal discovery algorithms, the purpose of which is to infer the causal relations that hold among a set of variables from the correlations…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-03-10 Christopher J. Wood , Robert W. Spekkens

The Kochen-Specker theorem, Bell inequalities, and several other tests that were designed to rule out hidden-variable theories, assume the existence of observables having infinitely sharp eigenvalues. A paradigmatic example is spin-1/2. It…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-10-03 F. De Zela

The Local Friendliness argument is an extended Wigner's friend no-go theorem that provides strong constraints on the nature of reality -- stronger even than those imposed by Bell's theorem or by noncontextuality arguments. In this work, we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-06 Laurens Walleghem , Yìlè Yīng , Rafael Wagner , David Schmid

Since Bell's theorem, it is known that the concept of local realism fails to explain quantum phenomena. Indeed, the violation of a Bell inequality has become a synonym of the incompatibility of quantum theory with our classical notion of…

Recently a new impulse has been given to the experimental investigation of contextuality. In this paper we show that for a widely used definition of contextuality there can be no decisive experiment on the existence of contextuality. To…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-09-21 Ronnie Hermens

Quantum mechanics challenges our intuition on the cause-effect relations in nature. Some fundamental concepts, including Reichenbach's common cause principle or the notion of local realism, have to be reconsidered. Traditionally, this is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-12-04 Mariami Gachechiladze , Nikolai Miklin , Rafael Chaves

Bell inequalities follow from a set of seemingly natural assumptions about how to provide a causal model of a Bell experiment. In the face of their violation, two types of causal models that modify some of these assumptions have been…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-05-11 Patrick J. Daley , Kevin J. Resch , Robert W. Spekkens

Classical and quantum physics provide fundamentally different predictions about experiments with separate observers that do not communicate, a phenomenon known as quantum nonlocality. This insight is a key element of our present…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-02-17 Jonatan Bohr Brask , Rafael Chaves

A standard approach in the foundations of quantum mechanics studies local realism and hidden variables models exclusively in terms of violations of Bell-like inequalities. Thus quantum nonlocality is tied to the celebrated no-go theorems,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 James D. Malley , Arthur Fine