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This paper addresses the problem of designing control policies for agents with unknown stochastic dynamics and control objectives specified using Linear Temporal Logic (LTL). Recent Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) algorithms have aimed to…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Jun Wang , Hosein Hasanbeig , Kaiyuan Tan , Zihe Sun , Yiannis Kantaros

This letter proposes a novel reinforcement learning method for the synthesis of a control policy satisfying a control specification described by a linear temporal logic formula. We assume that the controlled system is modeled by a Markov…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-03-27 Ryohei Oura , Ami Sakakibara , Toshimitsu Ushio

Robotic systems operating in dynamic and uncertain environments increasingly require planners that satisfy complex task sequences while adhering to strict temporal constraints. Metric Interval Temporal Logic (MITL) offers a formal and…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Zhaoan Wang , Junchao Li , Mahdi Mohammad , Shaoping Xiao

Ensuring safety and meeting temporal specifications are critical challenges for long-term robotic tasks. Signal temporal logic (STL) has been widely used to systematically and rigorously specify these requirements. However, traditional…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-12 Yue Meng , Chuchu Fan

We propose a compositional approach to synthesize policies for networks of continuous-space stochastic control systems with unknown dynamics using model-free reinforcement learning (RL). The approach is based on implicitly abstracting each…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-08-09 Abolfazl Lavaei , Mateo Perez , Milad Kazemi , Fabio Somenzi , Sadegh Soudjani , Ashutosh Trivedi , Majid Zamani

Decision-making policies for agents are often synthesized with the constraint that a formal specification of behaviour is satisfied. Here we focus on infinite-horizon properties. On the one hand, Linear Temporal Logic (LTL) is a popular…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-06-01 Jan Křetínský

We propose a method for efficient training of Q-functions for continuous-state Markov Decision Processes (MDPs) such that the traces of the resulting policies satisfy a given Linear Temporal Logic (LTL) property. LTL, a modal logic, can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-03-15 Mohammadhosein Hasanbeig , Alessandro Abate , Daniel Kroening

In this paper, we develop a method to automatically generate a control policy for a dynamical system modeled as a Markov Decision Process (MDP). The control specification is given as a Linear Temporal Logic (LTL) formula over a set of…

Robotics · Computer Science 2011-03-24 Xu Chu Ding , Stephen L. Smith , Calin Belta , Daniela Rus

Reinforcement learning (RL) is currently one of the most prominent methods for optimizing dynamical systems, with breakthrough results across various fields. The framework is based on the concept of a Markov decision process (MDP), leading…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-11-17 Rene Carmona , Mathieu Lauriere

The automatic synthesis of a policy through reinforcement learning (RL) from a given set of formal requirements depends on the construction of a reward signal and consists of the iterative application of many policy-improvement steps. The…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-21 Luigi Berducci , Radu Grosu

This paper studies the continuous-time reinforcement learning (RL) for optimal switching problems across multiple regimes. We consider a type of exploratory formulation under entropy regularization where the agent randomizes both the timing…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-12-23 Yijie Huang , Mengge Li , Xiang Yu , Zhou Zhou

This paper presents a novel approach to reinforcement learning (RL) for control systems that provides probabilistic stability guarantees using finite data. Leveraging Lyapunov's method, we propose a probabilistic stability theorem that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Minghao Han , Lixian Zhang , Chenliang Liu , Zhipeng Zhou , Jun Wang , Wei Pan

Linear Temporal Logic (LTL) offers a precise means for constraining the behavior of reinforcement learning agents. However, in many settings where both satisfaction and optimality conditions are present, LTL is insufficient to capture both.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-26 Ameesh Shah , Cameron Voloshin , Chenxi Yang , Abhinav Verma , Swarat Chaudhuri , Sanjit A. Seshia

In this paper we study the problem of synthesizing optimal control policies for uncertain continuous-time nonlinear systems from syntactically co-safe linear temporal logic (scLTL) formulas. We formulate this problem as a sequence of…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-04-16 Max Cohen , Calin Belta

This paper targets the efficient construction of a safety shield for decision making in scenarios that incorporate uncertainty. Markov decision processes (MDPs) are prominent models to capture such planning problems. Reinforcement learning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-11-26 Nils Jansen , Bettina Könighofer , Sebastian Junges , Alexandru C. Serban , Roderick Bloem

Tasks with complex temporal structures and long horizons pose a challenge for reinforcement learning agents due to the difficulty in specifying the tasks in terms of reward functions as well as large variances in the learning signals. We…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-09-27 Xiao Li , Yao Ma , Calin Belta

Recently, reinforcement learning has been used to address logic synthesis by formulating the operator sequence optimization problem as a Markov decision process. However, through extensive experiments, we find out that the learned policy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-28 Chao Wang , Chen Chen , Dong Li , Bin Wang

This paper explores continuous-time control synthesis for target-driven navigation to satisfy complex high-level tasks expressed as linear temporal logic (LTL). We propose a model-free framework using deep reinforcement learning (DRL) where…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-03-17 Mingyu Cai , Makai Mann , Zachary Serlin , Kevin Leahy , Cristian-Ioan Vasile

To overcome the curses of dimensionality and modeling of Dynamic Programming (DP) methods to solve Markov Decision Process (MDP) problems, Reinforcement Learning (RL) methods are adopted in practice. Contrary to traditional RL algorithms…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-24 Arghyadip Roy , Vivek Borkar , Abhay Karandikar , Prasanna Chaporkar

Autonomous agents often operate in uncertain environments where their decisions are made based on beliefs over states of targets. We are interested in controller synthesis for complex tasks defined over belief spaces. Designing such…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2015-10-30 Chanyeol Yoo , Calin Belta