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Large Language Model (LLM) agents can leverage tools such as Google Search to complete complex tasks. However, this tool usage introduces the risk of indirect prompt injections, where malicious instructions hidden in tool outputs can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Zizhao Wang , Dingcheng Li , Vaishakh Keshava , Phillip Wallis , Ananth Balashankar , Peter Stone , Lukas Rutishauser

Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) is a subfield of machine learning for training autonomous agents that take sequential actions across complex environments. Despite its significant performance in well-known environments, it remains…

Recent studies reveal that a well-trained deep reinforcement learning (RL) policy can be particularly vulnerable to adversarial perturbations on input observations. Therefore, it is crucial to train RL agents that are robust against any…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-13 Yongyuan Liang , Yanchao Sun , Ruijie Zheng , Furong Huang

In this paper, we consider the resilient multi-dimensional consensus and distributed optimization problems of multi-agent systems (MASs) in the presence of both agent-based and denial-of-service (DoS) attacks. The considered agent-based…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-19 Hongjian Chen , Changyun Wen , Xiaolei Li

Adversarial attacks and robustness in Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) have been widely studied in various threat models; however, few consider environmental state perturbations, which are natural in embodied scenarios. To improve the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Chenxu Wang , Huaping Liu

Control policies, trained using the Deep Reinforcement Learning, have been recently shown to be vulnerable to adversarial attacks introducing even very small perturbations to the policy input. The attacks proposed so far have been designed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-08-02 Alessio Russo , Alexandre Proutiere

Multi-agent deep reinforcement learning has been applied to address a variety of complex problems with either discrete or continuous action spaces and achieved great success. However, most real-world environments cannot be described by only…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-13 Hongzhi Hua , Kaigui Wu , Guixuan Wen

Despite the successful application of machine learning (ML) in a wide range of domains, adaptability---the very property that makes machine learning desirable---can be exploited by adversaries to contaminate training and evade…

Reinforcement Learning (RL) offers a promising framework for autonomous driving by enabling agents to learn control policies through interaction with environments. However, large and high-dimensional action spaces often used to support…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Elahe Delavari , Feeza Khan Khanzada , Jaerock Kwon

Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) has been extensively used to address portfolio optimization problems. The DRL agents acquire knowledge and make decisions through unsupervised interactions with their environment without requiring explicit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Ruoyu Sun , Yue Xi , Angelos Stefanidis , Zhengyong Jiang , Jionglong Su

Reinforcement learning (RL) is currently used in various real-life applications. RL-based solutions have the potential to generically address problems, including the ones that are difficult to solve with heuristics and meta-heuristics and,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-24 Rafael F. Reale , Joberto S. B. Martins

Evaluating deep reinforcement learning (DRL) agents against targeted behavior attacks is critical for assessing their robustness. These attacks aim to manipulate the victim into specific behaviors that align with the attacker's objectives,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Fengshuo Bai , Runze Liu , Yali Du , Ying Wen , Yaodong Yang

Reinforcement learning (RL) has achieved remarkable success in fields like robotics and autonomous driving, but adversarial attacks designed to mislead RL systems remain challenging. Existing approaches often rely on modifying the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-25 Junyong Jiang , Buwei Tian , Chenxing Xu , Songze Li , Lu Dong

We propose the first black-box targeted attack against online deep reinforcement learning through reward poisoning during training time. Our attack is applicable to general environments with unknown dynamics learned by unknown algorithms…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-19 Yinglun Xu , Gagandeep Singh

Adversarial examples can be useful for identifying vulnerabilities in AI systems before they are deployed. In reinforcement learning (RL), adversarial policies can be developed by training an adversarial agent to minimize a target agent's…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-17 Stephen Casper , Taylor Killian , Gabriel Kreiman , Dylan Hadfield-Menell

This paper investigates the threat of backdoors in Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) agent policies and proposes a novel method for their detection at runtime. Our study focuses on elusive in-distribution backdoor triggers. Such triggers…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Sanyam Vyas , Chris Hicks , Vasilios Mavroudis

Deep learning has enabled traditional reinforcement learning methods to deal with high-dimensional problems. However, one of the disadvantages of deep reinforcement learning methods is the limited exploration capacity of learning agents. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-07-30 Thanh Nguyen , Ngoc Duy Nguyen , Saeid Nahavandi

Collaborative multi-agent reinforcement learning has rapidly evolved, offering state-of-the-art algorithms for real-world applications, including sensitive domains. However, a key challenge to its widespread adoption is the lack of a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Amine Andam , Jamal Bentahar , Mustapha Hedabou

Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has had success across various domains, but applying it to environments with constraints remains challenging due to poor sample efficiency and slow convergence. Recent literature explored incorporating…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-06 Mirco Theile , Lukas Dirnberger , Raphael Trumpp , Marco Caccamo , Alberto L. Sangiovanni-Vincentelli

The research of extending deep reinforcement learning (drl) to multi-agent field has solved many complicated problems and made great achievements. However, almost all these studies only focus on discrete or continuous action space and there…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-01 Hongzhi Hua , Guixuan Wen , Kaigui Wu