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The task of image captioning has recently been gaining popularity, and with it the complex task of evaluating the quality of image captioning models. In this work, we present the first survey and taxonomy of over 70 different image…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Uri Berger , Gabriel Stanovsky , Omri Abend , Lea Frermann

Automatically generating a human-like description for a given image is a potential research in artificial intelligence, which has attracted a great of attention recently. Most of the existing attention methods explore the mapping…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-11-03 Feicheng Huang , Zhixin Li , Haiyang Wei , Canlong Zhang , Huifang Ma

Automatically evaluating the quality of image captions can be very challenging since human language is quite flexible that there can be various expressions for the same meaning. Most of the current captioning metrics rely on token level…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-06-30 Chao Zeng , Tiesong Zhao , Sam Kwong

Image captioning is a challenging task at the intersection of computer vision and natural language processing, requiring models to generate meaningful textual descriptions of images. Traditional approaches rely on recurrent neural networks…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Hemanth Teja Yanambakkam , Rahul Chinthala

Automatic image captioning evaluation is critical for benchmarking and promoting advances in image captioning research. Existing metrics only provide a single score to measure caption qualities, which are less explainable and informative.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-11 Anwen Hu , Shizhe Chen , Liang Zhang , Qin Jin

This paper presents a novel approach for automatically generating image descriptions: visual detectors, language models, and multimodal similarity models learnt directly from a dataset of image captions. We use multiple instance learning to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2016-02-22 Hao Fang , Saurabh Gupta , Forrest Iandola , Rupesh Srivastava , Li Deng , Piotr Dollár , Jianfeng Gao , Xiaodong He , Margaret Mitchell , John C. Platt , C. Lawrence Zitnick , Geoffrey Zweig

This project aims to create an automated image captioning system that generates natural language descriptions for input images by integrating techniques from computer vision and natural language processing. We employ various different…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Joshua Adrian Cahyono , Jeremy Nathan Jusuf

Image captioning evaluation remains a significant challenge, as vision-language models evolve toward more challenging capabilities such as generating long-form and context-rich descriptions. State-of-the-art evaluation metrics involve…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Gonçalo Gomes , Bruno Martins , Chrysoula Zerva

Automated audio captioning aims at generating textual descriptions for an audio clip. To evaluate the quality of generated audio captions, previous works directly adopt image captioning metrics like SPICE and CIDEr, without justifying their…

Sound · Computer Science 2022-01-28 Zelin Zhou , Zhiling Zhang , Xuenan Xu , Zeyu Xie , Mengyue Wu , Kenny Q. Zhu

Given the accelerating progress of vision and language modeling, accurate evaluation of machine-generated image captions remains critical. In order to evaluate captions more closely to human preferences, metrics need to discriminate between…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-02-29 Koki Maeda , Shuhei Kurita , Taiki Miyanishi , Naoaki Okazaki

Visual captioning benchmarks have become outdated with the emergence of modern multimodal large language models (MLLMs), as the brief ground-truth sentences and traditional metrics fail to assess detailed captions effectively. While recent…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Zhihang Liu , Chen-Wei Xie , Bin Wen , Feiwu Yu , Jixuan Chen , Pandeng Li , Boqiang Zhang , Nianzu Yang , Yinglu Li , Zuan Gao , Yun Zheng , Hongtao Xie

Evaluation metric of visual captioning is important yet not thoroughly explored. Traditional metrics like BLEU, METEOR, CIDEr, and ROUGE often miss semantic depth, while trained metrics such as CLIP-Score, PAC-S, and Polos are limited in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-20 Tony Cheng Tong , Sirui He , Zhiwen Shao , Dit-Yan Yeung

The area of automatic image caption evaluation is still undergoing intensive research to address the needs of generating captions which can meet adequacy and fluency requirements. Based on our past attempts at developing highly…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-12-25 Naeha Sharif , Lyndon White , Mohammed Bennamoun , Wei Liu , Syed Afaq Ali Shah

Image recaptioning is widely used to generate training datasets with enhanced quality for various multimodal tasks. Existing recaptioning methods typically rely on powerful multimodal large language models (MLLMs) to enhance textual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Yuchi Wang , Yishuo Cai , Shuhuai Ren , Sihan Yang , Linli Yao , Yuanxin Liu , Yuanxing Zhang , Pengfei Wan , Xu Sun

Image captioning is the process of automatically generating a description of an image in natural language. Image captioning is one of the significant challenges in image understanding since it requires not only recognizing salient objects…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-26 Ghadah Alabduljabbar , Hafida Benhidour , Said Kerrache

Generating natural language descriptions of images is an important capability for a robot or other visual-intelligence driven AI agent that may need to communicate with human users about what it is seeing. Such image captioning methods are…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-11-29 Li Zhang , Flood Sung , Feng Liu , Tao Xiang , Shaogang Gong , Yongxin Yang , Timothy M. Hospedales

Two recent approaches have achieved state-of-the-art results in image captioning. The first uses a pipelined process where a set of candidate words is generated by a convolutional neural network (CNN) trained on images, and then a maximum…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2015-10-16 Jacob Devlin , Hao Cheng , Hao Fang , Saurabh Gupta , Li Deng , Xiaodong He , Geoffrey Zweig , Margaret Mitchell

Image captioning involves generating textual descriptions from input images, bridging the gap between computer vision and natural language processing. Recent advancements in transformer-based models have significantly improved caption…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-09 Israa A. Albadarneh , Bassam H. Hammo , Omar S. Al-Kadi

Image captioning has long been regarded as a fundamental task in visual understanding. Recently, however, few large vision-language model (LVLM) research discusses model's image captioning performance because of the outdated short-caption…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Hongyuan Dong , Jiawen Li , Bohong Wu , Jiacong Wang , Yuan Zhang , Haoyuan Guo

In text-video retrieval, auxiliary captions are often used to enhance video understanding, bridging the gap between the modalities. While recent advances in multi-modal large language models (MLLMs) have enabled strong zero-shot caption…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Ji Soo Lee , Byungoh Ko , Jaewon Cho , Howoong Lee , Jaewoon Byun , Hyunwoo J. Kim