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We establish mass lower bounds of Penrose-type in the setting of $3$-dimensional initial data sets for the Einstein equations satisfying the dominant energy condition, which are either asymptotically flat or asymptotically hyperboloidal.…

Differential Geometry · Mathematics 2025-04-16 Brian Allen , Edward Bryden , Demetre Kazaras , Marcus Khuri

In axially symmetric spacetimes the Penrose inequality can be strengthened to include angular momentum. We prove a version of this inequality for minimal surfaces, more precisely, a lower bound for the ADM mass in terms of the area of a…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2018-01-26 Pablo Anglada

It is generally known that the energy density can be negative in quantum field theory. It is also believed that there are limits on this negative energy density. These limits are known as the quantum inequalities. In a recent paper [8] an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-06-22 Dan Solomon

Penrose's original heuristic for his eponymous spacetime inequality -- a conjectured lower bound on the ADM mass in terms of the area of a horizon cross-section -- relies on the black hole final state conjecture. In this paper we isolate a…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-05-19 Ahmed Ellithy

For asymptotically flat initial data of Einstein's equations satisfying an energy condition, we show that the Penrose inequality holds between the ADM mass and the area of an outermost apparent horizon, if the data are restricted suitably.…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-11-07 Edward Malec , Marc Mars , Walter Simon

The possibility to describe the laws of the Universe in a computational way seems to be correlated to a principle that the density of information is bounded. This principle, that is dual to that of a finite velocity of information, has…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-04-18 Pablo Arrighi , Gilles Dowek

In this article we show that one can construct initial data for the Einstein equations which satisfy the vacuum constraints. This initial data is defined on a manifold with topology $R^3$ with a regular center and is asymptotically flat.…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-10-28 R. Beig , N. Ó Murchadha

There has been much recent work on quantum inequalities to constrain negative energy. These are uncertainty principle-type restrictions on the magnitude and duration of negative energy densities or fluxes. We consider several examples of…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2016-08-25 L. H. Ford , Michael J. Pfenning , Thomas A. Roman

Cosmic censorship posits spacetime singularities remain concealed behind event horizons, preserving the determinism of General Relativity. While quantum gravity is expected to resolve singularities, we argue that cosmic censorship remains…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2025-11-24 Antonia M. Frassino , Robie A. Hennigar , Juan F. Pedraza , Andrew Svesko

Quantum theory imposes fundamental limitations to the amount of information that can be carried by any quantum system. On the one hand, Holevo bound rules out the possibility to encode more information in a quantum system than in its…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-07-29 Michele Dall'Arno

Although quantum field theory allows local negative energy densities and fluxes, it also places severe restrictions upon the magnitude and extent of the negative energy. The restrictions take the form of quantum inequalities. These…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2016-08-25 L. H. Ford , Thomas A. Roman

Quantum fields do not satisfy the pointwise energy conditions that are assumed in the original singularity theorems of Penrose and Hawking. Accordingly, semiclassical quantum gravity lies outside their scope. Although a number of…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-04-13 Christopher J. Fewster , Eleni-Alexandra Kontou

We present a quantum information theory that allows for a consistent description of entanglement. It parallels classical (Shannon) information theory but is based entirely on density matrices (rather than probability distributions) for the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-10-30 Nicolas J. Cerf , Chris Adami

The null Penrose inequality, i.e. the Penrose inequality in terms of the Bondi energy, is studied by introducing a funtional on surfaces and studying its properties along a null hypersurface $\Omega$ extending to past null infinity. We…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2016-05-25 Marc Mars , Alberto Soria

For asymptotically flat spacetimes the Penrose inequality gives an initial data test for the weak cosmic censorship hypothesis. We give a formulation of this inequality for asymptotically anti-deSitter (AAdS) spacetimes, and show that the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2017-12-06 Viqar Husain , Suprit Singh

This thesis discusses the possibility of uncertainty relations for space and energy given a state of fixed entropy. In particular, it discusses the results in the paper of Dam/Nguyen. There, the authors propose a lower bound for the mixed…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-10-17 Christoph Haupt

The classical energy conditions, originally motivated by the Penrose-Hawking singularity theorems of general relativity, are violated by quantum fields. A reminiscent notion of such conditions are the so called quantum energy inequalities…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2019-12-25 Daniela Cadamuro

Via the AdS/CFT correspondence, fundamental constraints on the entanglement structure of quantum systems translate to constraints on spacetime geometries that must be satisfied in any consistent theory of quantum gravity. In this paper, we…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2014-12-23 Nima Lashkari , Charles Rabideau , Philippe Sabella-Garnier , Mark Van Raamsdonk

Quantum mechanics, information theory, and relativity theory are the basic foundations of theoretical physics. The acquisition of information from a quantum system is the interface of classical and quantum physics. Essential tools for its…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-04-29 Asher Peres , Daniel R. Terno

For an asymptotically flat initial data, the Penrose inequality gives a lower bound of the Arnowitt-Deser-Misner total mass of a spacetime in terms of the area of certain surfaces representing black holes. This is a deep and beautiful…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2013-11-05 Fei-hung Ho , Jian-liang Liu , Naqing Xie