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While prior work established a verifier-based polynomial-time framework for NP, explicit deterministic machines for concrete NP-complete problems have remained elusive. In this paper, we construct fully specified deterministic Turing…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Changryeol Lee

We propose Differentiable Satisfiability and Differentiable Answer Set Programming (Differentiable SAT/ASP) for multi-model optimization. Models (answer sets or satisfying truth assignments) are sampled using a novel SAT/ASP solving…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-01-01 Matthias Nickles

Satisfiability-based automated reasoning is an approach that is being successfully used in software engineering to validate complex software, including for safety-critical systems. Such reasoning underlies many validation activities, from…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-09-17 Nick Feng , Lina Marsso , Marsha Chechik

Functional verification constitutes one of the most challenging tasks in the development of modern hardware systems, and simulation-based verification techniques dominate the functional verification landscape. A dominant paradigm in…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2013-04-08 Supratik Chakraborty , Kuldeep S. Meel , Moshe Y. Vardi

Satisfiability problem (SAT) is a cornerstone of computational complexity with broad industrial applications, and it remains challenging to optimize modern SAT solvers in real-world settings due to their intricate architectures. While…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-31 Yiwen Sun , Furong Ye , Zhihan Chen , Ke Wei , Shaowei Cai

The following paper proposes a new approach to determine whether a logical (CNF) formula is satisfiable or not using probability theory methods. Furthermore, we will introduce an algorithm that speeds up the standard solution for (CNF-SAT)…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2021-04-26 Hazem J. Alkhatib , Majd N. Bohssas , Rawad H. Hatem , Odey N. Kassam Alhennawi

The computational complexity of solving random 3-Satisfiability (3-SAT) problems is investigated. 3-SAT is a representative example of hard computational tasks; it consists in knowing whether a set of alpha N randomly drawn logical…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2009-10-31 Simona Cocco , Remi Monasson

In this paper, we present a novel algorithm to solve the Boolean Satisfiability (SAT) problem, using noise-based logic (NBL). Contrary to what the name may suggest, NBL is not a random/fuzzy logic system. In fact, it is a completely…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2011-10-05 Pey-Chang Kent Lin , Ayan Mandal , Sunil P Khatri

Boolean satisfiability (SAT) has an extensive application domain in computer science, especially in electronic design automation applications. Circuit synthesis, optimization, and verification problems can be solved by transforming original…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-03-18 Te-Hsuan Chen , Ju-Yi Lu

The Boolean satisfiability (SAT) problem lies at the core of many applications in combinatorial optimization, software verification, cryptography, and machine learning. While state-of-the-art solvers have demonstrated high efficiency in…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Zhiwei Zhang , Samy Wu Fung , Anastasios Kyrillidis , Stanley Osher , Moshe Y. Vardi

The Exact Satisfiability problem, XSAT, is defined as the problem of finding a satisfying assignment to a formula $\varphi$ in CNF such that exactly one literal in each clause is assigned to be "1" and the other literals in the same clause…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2020-12-15 Gordon Hoi

This paper reviews the recent literature on solving the Boolean satisfiability problem (SAT), an archetypal NP-complete problem, with the help of machine learning techniques. Despite the great success of modern SAT solvers to solve large…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-25 Wenxuan Guo , Junchi Yan , Hui-Ling Zhen , Xijun Li , Mingxuan Yuan , Yaohui Jin

A simple yet successful approach to parallel satisfiability (SAT) solving is to run several different (a portfolio of) SAT solvers on the input problem at the same time until one solver finds a solution. The SAT solvers in the portfolio can…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2015-08-04 Tomas Balyo , Peter Sanders , Carsten Sinz

All solutions SAT (AllSAT for short) is a variant of propositional satisfiability problem. Despite its significance, AllSAT has been relatively unexplored compared to other variants. We thus survey and discuss major techniques of AllSAT…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2016-11-10 Takahisa Toda , Takehide Soh

The Boolean Satisfiability (SAT) problem is the canonical NP-complete problem and is fundamental to computer science, with a wide array of applications in planning, verification, and theorem proving. Developing and evaluating practical SAT…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-31 Jiaxuan You , Haoze Wu , Clark Barrett , Raghuram Ramanujan , Jure Leskovec

We study the Boolean Satisfiability problem (SAT) in the framework of diversity, where one asks for multiple solutions that are mutually far apart (i.e., sufficiently dissimilar from each other) for a suitable notion of…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-12-16 Neeldhara Misra , Harshil Mittal , Ashutosh Rai

This paper is a tutorial for newcomers to the field of automated verification tools, though we assume the reader to be relatively familiar with Hoare-style verification. In this paper, besides introducing the most basic features of the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2017-01-18 Paqui Lucio

In 2006, Biere, Jussila, and Sinz made the key observation that the underlying logic behind algorithms for constructing Reduced, Ordered Binary Decision Diagrams (BDDs) can be encoded as steps in a proof in the extended resolution logical…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-03-29 Randal E. Bryant , Marijn J. H. Heule

Modern SAT or QBF solvers are expected to produce correctness certificates. However, certificates have worst-case exponential size (unless NP=coNP), and at recent SAT competitions the largest certificates of unsatisfiability are starting to…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Philipp Czerner , Javier Esparza , Valentin Krasotin , Adrian Krauss

We propose to use local search algorithms to produce SAT instances which are harder to solve than randomly generated k-CNF formulae. The first results, obtained with rudimentary search algorithms, show that the approach deserves further…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2010-11-29 Olivier Bailleux