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In text summarization, evaluating the efficacy of automatic metrics without human judgments has become recently popular. One exemplar work concludes that automatic metrics strongly disagree when ranking high-scoring summaries. In this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-10 Manik Bhandari , Pranav Gour , Atabak Ashfaq , Pengfei Liu

Document summarization, as a fundamental task in natural language generation, aims to generate a short and coherent summary for a given document. Controllable summarization, especially of the length, is an important issue for some practical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-16 Mingyang Song , Yi Feng , Liping Jing

Text summarization has a wide range of applications in many scenarios. The evaluation of the quality of the generated text is a complex problem. A big challenge to language evaluation is that there is a clear divergence between existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-20 Ning Wu , Ming Gong , Linjun Shou , Shining Liang , Daxin Jiang

As everyday use cases of large language model (LLM) AI assistants have expanded, it is becoming increasingly important to personalize responses to align to different users' preferences and goals. While reinforcement learning from human…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Hyunji Nam , Yanming Wan , Mickel Liu , Peter Ahnn , Jianxun Lian , Natasha Jaques

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance in abstractive summarization tasks. However, their ability to precisely control summary attributes (e.g., length or topic) remains underexplored, limiting their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Sangwon Ryu , Heejin Do , Daehee Kim , Hwanjo Yu , Dongwoo Kim , Yunsu Kim , Gary Geunbae Lee , Jungseul Ok

An important problem of the sequence-to-sequence neural models widely used in abstractive summarization is exposure bias. To alleviate this problem, re-ranking systems have been applied in recent years. Despite some performance…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-18 Jeewoo Sul , Yong Suk Choi

ROUGE is a standard automatic evaluation metric based on n-grams for sequence-to-sequence tasks, while cross-entropy loss is an essential objective of neural network language model that optimizes at a unigram level. We present…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-27 Yunqi Zhu , Xuebing Yang , Yuanyuan Wu , Mingjin Zhu , Wensheng Zhang

Relation extraction (RE) models have been challenged by their reliance on training data with expensive annotations. Considering that summarization tasks aim at acquiring concise expressions of synoptical information from the longer context,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-24 Keming Lu , I-Hung Hsu , Wenxuan Zhou , Mingyu Derek Ma , Muhao Chen

Text summarizing is a critical Natural Language Processing (NLP) task with applications ranging from information retrieval to content generation. Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable promise in generating fluent abstractive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Colleen Gilhuly , Haleh Shahzad

Work on instruction-tuned Large Language Models (LLMs) has used automatic methods based on text overlap and LLM judgments as cost-effective alternatives to human evaluation. In this paper, we perform a meta-evaluation of such methods and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-03 Ehsan Doostmohammadi , Oskar Holmström , Marco Kuhlmann

Summarizing texts is not a straightforward task. Before even considering text summarization, one should determine what kind of summary is expected. How much should the information be compressed? Is it relevant to reformulate or should the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-07-16 Paul Tardy , David Janiszek , Yannick Estève , Vincent Nguyen

Reinforcement learning (RL) has become a predominant technique to align language models (LMs) with human preferences or promote outputs which are deemed to be desirable by a given reward function. Standard RL approaches optimize average…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Stephen Zhao , Aidan Li , Rob Brekelmans , Roger Grosse

Automatic metrics are used as proxies to evaluate abstractive summarization systems when human annotations are too expensive. To be useful, these metrics should be fine-grained, show a high correlation with human annotations, and ideally be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Théo Gigant , Camille Guinaudeau , Marc Decombas , Frédéric Dufaux

This work presents a new approach to unsupervised abstractive summarization based on maximizing a combination of coverage and fluency for a given length constraint. It introduces a novel method that encourages the inclusion of key terms…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-05-13 Philippe Laban , Andrew Hsi , John Canny , Marti A. Hearst

A desirable property of a reference-based evaluation metric that measures the content quality of a summary is that it should estimate how much information that summary has in common with a reference. Traditional text overlap based metrics…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-07-28 Daniel Deutsch , Tania Bedrax-Weiss , Dan Roth

Automated source code summarization is a popular software engineering research topic wherein machine translation models are employed to "translate" code snippets into relevant natural language descriptions. Most evaluations of such models…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-06-17 Junayed Mahmud , Fahim Faisal , Raihan Islam Arnob , Antonios Anastasopoulos , Kevin Moran

The standard reinforcement learning (RL) formulation considers the expectation of the (discounted) cumulative reward. This is limiting in applications where we are concerned with not only the expected performance, but also the distribution…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-13 Changjian Li , Krzysztof Czarnecki

People from different social and demographic groups express diverse perspectives and conflicting opinions on a broad set of topics such as product reviews, healthcare, law, and politics. A fair summary should provide a comprehensive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Yusen Zhang , Nan Zhang , Yixin Liu , Alexander Fabbri , Junru Liu , Ryo Kamoi , Xiaoxin Lu , Caiming Xiong , Jieyu Zhao , Dragomir Radev , Kathleen McKeown , Rui Zhang

Reinforcement learning has become a cornerstone for enhancing the reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models, where group-based approaches such as GRPO have emerged as efficient paradigms that optimize policies by leveraging…

Reward learning enables the application of reinforcement learning (RL) to tasks where reward is defined by human judgment, building a model of reward by asking humans questions. Most work on reward learning has used simulated environments,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-01-10 Daniel M. Ziegler , Nisan Stiennon , Jeffrey Wu , Tom B. Brown , Alec Radford , Dario Amodei , Paul Christiano , Geoffrey Irving
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