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As language models become more powerful, training and evaluation are increasingly bottlenecked by the data and metrics used for a particular task. For example, summarization models are often trained to predict human reference summaries and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-02-17 Nisan Stiennon , Long Ouyang , Jeff Wu , Daniel M. Ziegler , Ryan Lowe , Chelsea Voss , Alec Radford , Dario Amodei , Paul Christiano

We review three limitations of BLEU and ROUGE -- the most popular metrics used to assess reference summaries against hypothesis summaries, come up with criteria for what a good metric should behave like and propose concrete ways to use…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-11-01 Hassan Kané , Yusuf Kocyigit , Pelkins Ajanoh , Ali Abdalla , Mohamed Coulibali

The task of automatic text summarization has gained a lot of traction due to the recent advancements in machine learning techniques. However, evaluating the quality of a generated summary remains to be an open problem. The literature has…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-25 Raghav Jain , Vaibhav Mavi , Anubhav Jangra , Sriparna Saha

Due to the exponential growth of information and the need for efficient information consumption the task of summarization has gained paramount importance. Evaluating summarization accurately and objectively presents significant challenges,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-31 Dong Yuan , Eti Rastogi , Fen Zhao , Sagar Goyal , Gautam Naik , Sree Prasanna Rajagopal

Deep reinforcement learning (RL) has been a commonly-used strategy for the abstractive summarization task to address both the exposure bias and non-differentiable task issues. However, the conventional reward Rouge-L simply looks for exact…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-12 Siyao Li , Deren Lei , Pengda Qin , William Yang Wang

Reliable evaluation of large language model (LLM)-generated summaries remains an open challenge, particularly across heterogeneous domains and document lengths. We conduct a comprehensive meta-evaluation of 14 automatic summarization…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Huyen Nguyen , Haoxuan Zhang , Yang Zhang , Junhua Ding , Haihua Chen

Single document summarization is the task of producing a shorter version of a document while preserving its principal information content. In this paper we conceptualize extractive summarization as a sentence ranking task and propose a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-04-17 Shashi Narayan , Shay B. Cohen , Mirella Lapata

Recent work in the field of automatic summarization and headline generation focuses on maximizing ROUGE scores for various news datasets. We present an alternative, extrinsic, evaluation metric for this task, Answering Performance for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-04 Matan Eyal , Tal Baumel , Michael Elhadad

To date, most abstractive summarisation models have relied on variants of the negative log-likelihood (NLL) as their training objective. In some cases, reinforcement learning has been added to train the models with an objective that is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-09 Jacob Parnell , Inigo Jauregi Unanue , Massimo Piccardi

We propose a unified model combining the strength of extractive and abstractive summarization. On the one hand, a simple extractive model can obtain sentence-level attention with high ROUGE scores but less readable. On the other hand, a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-07-06 Wan-Ting Hsu , Chieh-Kai Lin , Ming-Ying Lee , Kerui Min , Jing Tang , Min Sun

Reinforcement learning with evaluation metrics as rewards is widely used to enhance specific capabilities of language models. However, for tasks such as factually consistent summarisation, existing metrics remain underdeveloped, limiting…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Yuxuan Ye , Raul Santos-Rodriguez , Edwin Simpson

The quality of a summarization evaluation metric is quantified by calculating the correlation between its scores and human annotations across a large number of summaries. Currently, it is unclear how precise these correlation estimates are,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-07-28 Daniel Deutsch , Rotem Dror , Dan Roth

Automatic sentence summarization produces a shorter version of a sentence, while preserving its most important information. A good summary is characterized by language fluency and high information overlap with the source sentence. We model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-06 Raphael Schumann , Lili Mou , Yao Lu , Olga Vechtomova , Katja Markert

The ROUGE metric is commonly used to evaluate extractive summarization task, but it has been criticized for its lack of semantic awareness and its ignorance about the ranking quality of the extractive summarizer. Previous research has…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-30 Mousumi Akter , Santu Karmaker

We present RepRank, an unsupervised graph-based ranking model for extractive multi-document summarization in which the similarity between words, sentences, and word-to-sentence can be estimated by the distances between their vector…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-25 Zongyi Li , Xiaoqing Zheng , Jun He

Neural abstractive summarization models are able to generate summaries which have high overlap with human references. However, existing models are not optimized for factual correctness, a critical metric in real-world applications. In this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-29 Yuhao Zhang , Derek Merck , Emily Bao Tsai , Christopher D. Manning , Curtis P. Langlotz

Effective prompt engineering remains a central challenge in fully harnessing the capabilities of LLMs. While well-designed prompts can dramatically enhance performance, crafting them typically demands expert intuition and a nuanced…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Paweł Batorski , Adrian Kosmala , Paul Swoboda

The evaluation of abstractive summarization models typically uses test data that is identically distributed as training data. In real-world practice, documents to be summarized may contain input noise caused by text extraction artifacts or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-05 Kundan Krishna , Yao Zhao , Jie Ren , Balaji Lakshminarayanan , Jiaming Luo , Mohammad Saleh , Peter J. Liu

Abstractive summarization has made tremendous progress in recent years. In this work, we perform fine-grained human annotations to evaluate long document abstractive summarization systems (i.e., models and metrics) with the aim of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-01 Huan Yee Koh , Jiaxin Ju , He Zhang , Ming Liu , Shirui Pan

Automatic summarization of natural language is a current topic in computer science research and industry, studied for decades because of its usefulness across multiple domains. For example, summarization is necessary to create reviews such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-12-31 Marc Everett Johnson