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We develop a formal hierarchy of the expressive capacity of RNN architectures. The hierarchy is based on two formal properties: space complexity, which measures the RNN's memory, and rational recurrence, defined as whether the recurrent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-09-22 William Merrill , Gail Weiss , Yoav Goldberg , Roy Schwartz , Noah A. Smith , Eran Yahav

Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) Recurrent Neural networks (RNNs) rely on gating signals, each driven by a function of a weighted sum of at least 3 components: (i) one of an adaptive weight matrix multiplied by the incoming external input…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2019-01-01 Fathi M. Salem

Long short-term memory (LSTM) networks and their variants are capable of encapsulating long-range dependencies, which is evident from their performance on a variety of linguistic tasks. On the other hand, simple recurrent networks (SRNs),…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-26 Gantavya Bhatt , Hritik Bansal , Rishubh Singh , Sumeet Agarwal

The advantage of recurrent neural networks (RNNs) in learning dependencies between time-series data has distinguished RNNs from other deep learning models. Recently, many advances are proposed in this emerging field. However, there is a…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2016-02-16 Hojjat Salehinejad

Incorporating hierarchical structures like constituency trees has been shown to be effective for various natural language processing (NLP) tasks. However, it is evident that state-of-the-art (SOTA) sequence-based models like the Transformer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-20 Xuan-Phi Nguyen , Shafiq Joty , Steven C. H. Hoi , Richard Socher

In this paper, we propose the joint learning attention and recurrent neural network (RNN) models for multi-label classification. While approaches based on the use of either model exist (e.g., for the task of image captioning), training such…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-12-21 Shang-Fu Chen , Yi-Chen Chen , Chih-Kuan Yeh , Yu-Chiang Frank Wang

This review aims to conduct a comparative analysis of liquid neural networks (LNNs) and traditional recurrent neural networks (RNNs) and their variants, such as long short-term memory networks (LSTMs) and gated recurrent units (GRUs). The…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Shilong Zong , Alex Bierly , Almuatazbellah Boker , Hoda Eldardiry

Approaches to machine intelligence based on brain models have stressed the use of neural networks for generalization. Here we propose the use of a hybrid neural network architecture that uses two kind of neural networks simultaneously: (i)…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2008-10-01 Yuhua Chen , Subhash Kak , Lei Wang

In computational linguistics, it has been shown that hierarchical structures make language models (LMs) more human-like. However, the previous literature has been agnostic about a parsing strategy of the hierarchical models. In this paper,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-20 Ryo Yoshida , Hiroshi Noji , Yohei Oseki

Reasoning and inference are central to human and artificial intelligence. Modeling inference in human language is very challenging. With the availability of large annotated data (Bowman et al., 2015), it has recently become feasible to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-03-04 Qian Chen , Xiaodan Zhu , Zhenhua Ling , Si Wei , Hui Jiang , Diana Inkpen

We explore the architecture of recurrent neural networks (RNNs) by studying the complexity of string sequences it is able to memorize. Symbolic sequences of different complexity are generated to simulate RNN training and study parameter…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-17 Roberto Cahuantzi , Xinye Chen , Stefan Güttel

Previous RNN architectures have largely been superseded by LSTM, or "Long Short-Term Memory". Since its introduction, there have been many variations on this simple design. However, it is still widely used and we are not aware of a…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2017-04-03 Andrew Pulver , Siwei Lyu

The chain-structured long short-term memory (LSTM) has showed to be effective in a wide range of problems such as speech recognition and machine translation. In this paper, we propose to extend it to tree structures, in which a memory cell…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2015-03-18 Xiaodan Zhu , Parinaz Sobhani , Hongyu Guo

How to obtain hierarchical representations with an increasing level of abstraction becomes one of the key issues of learning with deep neural networks. A variety of RNN models have recently been proposed to incorporate both explicit and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-25 Zhaoxin Luo , Michael Zhu

Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) is a recurrent neural network (RNN) architecture that has been designed to address the vanishing and exploding gradient problems of conventional RNNs. Unlike feedforward neural networks, RNNs have cyclic…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2014-02-06 Haşim Sak , Andrew Senior , Françoise Beaufays

Self attention networks (SANs) have been widely utilized in recent NLP studies. Unlike CNNs or RNNs, standard SANs are usually position-independent, and thus are incapable of capturing the structural priors between sequences of words.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-01-01 Le Qi , Yu Zhang , Qingyu Yin , Ting Liu

Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) have achieved state-of-the-art performance on many diverse tasks, from machine translation to surgical activity recognition, yet training RNNs to capture long-term dependencies remains difficult. To date,…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2018-04-24 Robert DiPietro , Christian Rupprecht , Nassir Navab , Gregory D. Hager

In this study, we propose a novel adaptive control architecture, which provides dramatically better transient response performance compared to conventional adaptive control methods. What makes this architecture unique is the synergistic…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-01-09 Emirhan Inanc , Yigit Gurses , Abdullah Habboush , Yildiray Yildiz , Anuradha M. Annaswamy

Tree-structured neural networks encode a particular tree geometry for a sentence in the network design. However, these models have at best only slightly outperformed simpler sequence-based models. We hypothesize that neural sequence models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2015-11-10 Samuel R. Bowman , Christopher D. Manning , Christopher Potts

Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) have shown clear superiority in sequence modeling, particularly the ones with gated units, such as long short-term memory (LSTM) and gated recurrent unit (GRU). However, the dynamic properties behind the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-02-28 Zhiyuan Tang , Ying Shi , Dong Wang , Yang Feng , Shiyue Zhang