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For constructing text embeddings, mean pooling, which averages token embeddings, is the standard approach. This paper examines whether mean pooling actually works well in real models. First, we note that mean pooling can collapse…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Tomomasa Hara , Hiroto Kurita , Masaaki Imaizumi , Kentaro Inui , Sho Yokoi

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable proficiency in language comprehension and generation; however, their widespread adoption is constrained by substantial bandwidth and computational demands. While pruning and low-rank…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Zeliang Zong , Kai Zhang , Zheyang Li , Wenming Tan , Ye Ren , Yiyan Zhai , Jilin Hu

This paper demonstrates how new principles of compressed sensing, namely asymptotic incoherence, asymptotic sparsity and multilevel sampling, can be utilised to better understand underlying phenomena in practical compressed sensing and…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2014-07-08 Bogdan Roman , Anders Hansen , Ben Adcock

Word embeddings are the interface between the world of discrete units of text processing and the continuous, differentiable world of neural networks. In this work, we examine various random and pretrained initialization methods for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-11-28 Tom Kocmi , Ondřej Bojar

Deep metric learning aims to construct an embedding space where samples of the same class are close to each other, while samples of different classes are far away from each other. Most existing deep metric learning methods attempt to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-24 Liu Pingping , Liu Zetong , Lang Yijun , Zhou Qiuzhan , Li Qingliang

Deep metric learning (DML) aims to learn a discriminative high-dimensional embedding space for downstream tasks like classification, clustering, and retrieval. Prior literature predominantly focuses on pair-based and proxy-based methods to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-04 Xiruo Jiang , Yazhou Yao , Xili Dai , Fumin Shen , Xian-Sheng Hua , Heng-Tao Shen

In essence, embedding algorithms work by optimizing the distance between a word and its usual context in order to generate an embedding space that encodes the distributional representation of words. In addition to single words or word…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-14 Andres Garcia-Silva , Ronald Denaux , Jose Manuel Gomez-Perez

Natural Language Processing (NLP) systems commonly leverage bag-of-words co-occurrence techniques to capture semantic and syntactic word relationships. The resulting word-level distributed representations often ignore morphological…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2015-06-12 Andrew Trask , David Gilmore , Matthew Russell

Since traditional tokenizers are isolated from a downstream task and model, they cannot output an appropriate tokenization depending on the task and model, although recent studies imply that the appropriate tokenization improves the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-05-27 Tatsuya Hiraoka , Sho Takase , Kei Uchiumi , Atsushi Keyaki , Naoaki Okazaki

In this paper we present an end-to-end meta-learned system for image compression. Traditional machine learning based approaches to image compression train one or more neural network for generalization performance. However, at inference…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-05-04 Nannan Zou , Honglei Zhang , Francesco Cricri , Hamed R. Tavakoli , Jani Lainema , Miska Hannuksela , Emre Aksu , Esa Rahtu

Learning and compression are driven by the common aim of identifying and exploiting statistical regularities in data, which opens the door for fertile collaboration between these areas. A promising group of compression techniques for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-02 Fernando E. Rosas , Pedro A. M. Mediano , Michael Gastpar

Learned image compression methods have attracted great research interest and exhibited superior rate-distortion performance to the best classical image compression standards of the present. The entropy model plays a key role in learned…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-16 Jingbo Lu , Leheng Zhang , Xingyu Zhou , Mu Li , Wen Li , Shuhang Gu

Word embeddings are rich word representations, which in combination with deep neural networks, lead to large performance gains for many NLP tasks. However, word embeddings are represented by dense, real-valued vectors and they are therefore…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-12-24 Andreas Hanselowski , Iryna Gurevych

Distributed language representation has become the most widely used technique for language representation in various natural language processing tasks. Most of the natural language processing models that are based on deep learning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-11 Martina Toshevska , Frosina Stojanovska , Jovan Kalajdjieski

When deploying deep learning models to a device, it is traditionally assumed that available computational resources (compute, memory, and power) remain static. However, real-world computing systems do not always provide stable resource…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-11 Elvis Nunez , Maxwell Horton , Anish Prabhu , Anurag Ranjan , Ali Farhadi , Mohammad Rastegari

Deep learning models continuously break new records across different NLP tasks. At the same time, their success exposes weaknesses of model evaluation. Here, we compile several key pitfalls of evaluation of sentence embeddings, a currently…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-05 Steffen Eger , Andreas Rücklé , Iryna Gurevych

Sentence embeddings are central to modern NLP and AI systems, yet little is known about their internal structure. While we can compare these embeddings using measures such as cosine similarity, the contributing features are not…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Matthieu Tehenan , Vikram Natarajan , Jonathan Michala , Milton Lin , Juri Opitz

Embeddings are a basic initial feature extraction step in many machine learning models, particularly in natural language processing. An embedding attempts to map data tokens to a low-dimensional space where similar tokens are mapped to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-10 Golara Ahmadi Azar , Melika Emami , Alyson Fletcher , Sundeep Rangan

Embedding techniques have become essential components of large databases in the deep learning era. By encoding discrete entities, such as words, items, or graph nodes, into continuous vector spaces, embeddings facilitate more efficient…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Shiwei Li , Zhuoqi Hu , Xing Tang , Haozhao Wang , Shijie Xu , Weihong Luo , Yuhua Li , Xiuqiang He , Ruixuan Li

Owing to the rapidly growing multimedia content available on the Internet, extractive spoken document summarization, with the purpose of automatically selecting a set of representative sentences from a spoken document to concisely express…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2015-06-16 Kuan-Yu Chen , Shih-Hung Liu , Hsin-Min Wang , Berlin Chen , Hsin-Hsi Chen